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教育專題 ◎ 2004-06-04
═════════════════【立報】═══════════════════
教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2004-06-04》

本期內容
◎ 請問美國大人 火藥庫在哪?



請問美國大人 火藥庫在哪?
  策劃■賴明芝
伊朗:別誣賴我有核武
導讀■賴明芝
去年底,伊朗政府與國際原子能總署正式簽署禁核擴散條約的附加議定書,允許國際原子能總署人員對其各項核子設施進行突擊檢查。與此同時,美國則到處張揚對伊朗擁有核武的疑慮。當時伊朗政府之所以願意讓武檢人員進行突擊檢查,就是希望能夠粉碎美國的說法。

事隔半年,美國還是無法具體提出伊朗擁有核武的明顯證據。伊朗政府日前質疑,美國想要從中搞鬼,證明伊朗擁有核武,不過,美國華府方面則回應,認為聯合國國際原子能總署最新一份調查報告已經足以證明了。

聯合國國際原子能總署主席艾爾巴拉迪表示,他無法排除伊朗的核子計畫是否和軍事武器有所關聯。根據該組織最新一份的報告,德黑蘭當局曾試圖掩蓋一項軍事原子彈計畫。該組織的結論是,伊朗似乎打算以擁有核武做為護身符。

不過,所有的懷疑,都必須經過證實,沒有「眼見為憑」,直接抓住伊朗的小辮子,美國還是無法稱得上理直氣壯。老是說伊拉克有毀滅性武器,戰爭都打完了,卻還看不到這些毀滅性武器在哪?美國現在若想如法炮製,用對付伊拉克的方法拿伊朗開刀。無疑是挑戰全世界的忍耐限度。

Tehran challenged the United States on Wednesday to produce hard evidence Iran is trying to build a nuclear bomb, but Washington said there is proof enough in a new U.N. atomic watchdog report.

"If the Americans have any claims or information they should hand it over to the (U.N. nuclear watchdog) agency, but it's clear they have nothing," Hassan Rohani, secretary-general of Iran's Supreme National Security Council, said in Tehran.

Kenneth Brill, U.S. ambassador to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and other U.N. organizations in Vienna, said the IAEA's latest report on Iran showed Tehran was trying to cover up a military atomic bomb program.

"I think that this persistent refusal to fully cooperate (with IAEA inspectors) fits a long-term pattern of denial and deception that can only be designed to mask Iran's military nuclear program," Brill told reporters.

President Bush's administration has accused Iran of running a secret nuclear weapons program alongside its declared atomic energy program. Iran denies this and says its ambitions are limited to the peaceful generation of electricity.

TWO MAJOR ISSUES

The confidential IAEA report, obtained by Reuters on Tuesday, said there were two major issues to be resolved.

The first was the origin of enriched uranium traces found at sites in Iran that some diplomats on the IAEA board say raised concerns Tehran was secretly enriching uranium for use in arms.

The second was Iran's centrifuge program, especially its interest in advanced P2 enrichment centrifuges capable of making bomb-grade uranium.

The report said Iran had admitted importing P2 parts and may have had interest in parts for thousands of centrifuges -- contrary to what Tehran had previously said.

"Unanswered questions continue to be the hallmark of Iranian cooperation with the (IAEA)," said Brill.

"The more the IAEA digs, the more problems it finds. It is equally clear that the IAEA is not buying Iranian explanations on the key questions and that the list of outstanding issues is larger than it was in March," he said.

But Rohani said the IAEA had only minor concerns about Iran and would soon be able to reassure the world Tehran had no atomic arms ambitions.

Non-proliferation analysts and diplomats close to the IAEA said, however, the concerns were not minor.

IAEA chief Mohamed ?ElBaradei told NATO parliamentarians on Tuesday he could not rule out that Iran's nuclear program was linked to a military weapons program.

"I think the (Bush) administration oversteps the evidence by saying it knows Iran has a weapons program," said David Albright, president of the Institute for Science and International Security in Washington and a former U.N. arms inspector.

"There's no evidence that's been found that shows they have an active nuclear weapons program," Albright said.

But he said Iran seemed to be keeping the weapons "option" open by pursuing uranium enrichment, a process of purifying uranium for use as fuel in nuclear power plants or in weapons.

While the IAEA report shows Iran has been changing its story, analysts and diplomats close to the IAEA said it contained no "smoking gun" that Iran was working on an atom bomb.

軍事攻擊不可能樹立民主

伊朗諾貝爾和平獎得主艾芭迪(Shirin Ebadi)日前表示,伊斯蘭教和民主是可以共存的,但是,美國不可以強行將一個多元社會的模式架在伊拉克上面,甚至是任何中東國家也不可行。

艾芭迪,去年成為首位得到諾貝爾和平獎的伊斯蘭教女性。在她看來,有太多的回教國家仍不符合人權標準。

艾巴迪表示,做為回教徒的同時,也可以享有人權和民主。而為了要修正違反人權的紀錄,伊斯蘭政府應該要訴諸回教。但艾巴迪也非常關注外力干預回教國家的問題,她認為,爭取人權的奮鬥應該是一個國家本身自發性行動。以伊拉克及阿富汗為例,她認為美國人在這些國家根本不可能樹立民主。

艾巴迪說,民主不是光靠建立起一個國家就可以辦到的,而且,民主也不會出現在人民被炸彈轟炸的國家。因此,美國和其他國家若是想要對民主的進程有所貢獻,就不該以軍事攻擊的方式進行。

Iran's Nobel laureate said on Wednesday Islam and democracy were compatible but that the United States could not impose a pluralistic society on Iraq or elsewhere in the Middle East.

Shirin Ebadi, who last year became the first Muslim woman to receive a Nobel Peace Prize for her human rights efforts, said that too many Islamic nations hid behind religion to justify human rights violations.

"But I say we can be a Muslim and at the same time enjoy human rights and democracy," Ebadi told a news conference through an interpreter. "In order to justify the violation of human rights, Islamic governments invoke Islam."

The 57-year-old jurist, who is touring the United States and Canada, said democracy was a historical process that could not be imposed from the outside and that the new Iraqi government would have to earn its legitimacy.

"It's the performance that we have to watch out for," Ebadi said. "Democracy is not a present to offer a nation. Democracy cannot be imposed when people are dropping bombs on them."

"Therefore if the United States or any other country decides to contribute to the process of democracy, the way to do so is not through a military attack," she added.

Ebadi said she had hoped that former president Saddam Hussein would be "overthrown by the people of Iraq themselves and not military power from the outside" and without approval of the United Nations.

Ebadi, who has been reviled by conservative religious leaders in her own country, said she had many supporters among reformists and young people. She also was recently honored at a reception by Iran's U.N. ambassador, Javad Zarif.

She said that rightwing newspapers went so far as to call her "Sharon Ebadi," an obvious reference to Israel's prime minister, Ariel Sharon, whom Iran considers an enemy.

She said no country in the world had a perfect human rights record, including the United States, which had not signed key international treaties, such as the rights of the child.

Asked about the U.S. abuse of Iraqi prisoners, she said, "America is a civilized society so I ask myself -- how can it tolerate these actions and justify them?"

美國紐約時報的道歉啟事

編按:發行量居全美之冠的紐約時報道歉了!為的是過去一年多來有關伊拉克戰爭的報導多有瑕疵而說抱歉。該報表示,儘管有許多讓他們相當引以為傲的報導,但是,有些新聞的消息來源未經查證也是事實。泱泱大報做此表示,除了表示負責,也彰顯了該報在新聞上的堅持。對台灣的讀者而言,尤其是新聞工作者,甚至是新聞教育工作者,恐怕是相當感慨的。台灣的社會,台灣的媒體,和台灣的新聞工作者,究竟需要什麼樣的新聞教育呢?

以下是道歉啟事。

美國紐約時報在過去一年以來,一直針對美國決定派兵伊拉克,進行一連串的後續報導,且有相當耀眼的表現。紐約時報檢視了美軍的弱點,以及相關情報,特別是任何關於伊拉克生化武器與國際恐怖份子的議題。此外,並深入研究每篇來自官方的聲明與申述,重新解讀其中的意義。但此時,是該把焦點放回我們自己身上,用同一套標準重新反省的時候了。

從開戰前夕到派部隊佔領期間,本報一次又一次地重新審閱上百篇的報導,並且從中發現,有許多篇報導值得我們相當驕傲。根據了解,我們的記者皆能實地了解新聞事件本身,並且做出最接近真相的報導。然而,記者在蒐集消息的過程中,往往面臨許多困難。以美伊戰爭為例,情報單位固然是記者主要的消息來源,但情報單位對於自己的消息來源卻經常出現不確切,或者是片段、不完整的情形。而這些消息不但可能是錯誤的訊息,甚至會將新聞導引至完全相反的方向。儘管這些錯誤的報導事後會再被後續的消息修正或掩蓋,但有點悲哀的是,這就是新聞報導呈現給大眾的主要方式。

而我們也發現,許多篇報導的內容並不如預期來的嚴謹與詳實。其中不乏至今仍具有爭議的報導,甚至還有因查證不足之虞,而有待考證的報導案例。基於紐約時報優良的傳統,我們期盼以求真的精神,與積極的態度,審查每一條新聞,直到真相浮出檯面為止。

然而,我們亦發現,那些有問題的報導,無論以專欄或任何一種形式呈現,都有一個共同的特點,那就是:相同的消息來源。但並非全部的報導皆是如此,一般而言,記者的消息大多來自伊拉克當地的情報提供者,這些情報提供者也就是主張推翻海珊政權的叛逃者或流亡者。其中最著名的是,前伊拉克首席盟友查拉比(Ahmad Chalabi)所領導的團體;查拉比從1991年就長期為紐約時報提供消息來源,並且為記者與其他叛逃者牽線,藉此從中收取費用。查拉比同時也是布希任內最熱門的「線民」,不過,美方記者日前已停止向查拉比購買情報。

然而,這種消息來源提供機制,也使得伊拉克戰爭報導更添複雜性,因為,這些情報通知者所提供的消息,往往成為美國官方介入伊拉克戰爭的絕佳理由。即使如此,美國政府也承認這些叛逃者常會提供錯誤的情報,多家新聞媒體也紛紛表示深受其害,特別是查拉比所領導的團體。

許多批評者把不當的報導怪罪於記者個人身上,但據本報的觀察,新聞報導缺失構成因素其實相當複雜。編輯台上的新聞守門人應當對記者有所要求,並且秉持「懷疑與求證」的態度,但如今追求獨家卻成為各家媒體的第一任務,實在不應該。而這些叛逃者推翻海珊的決心也令人懷疑,其所提供消息常含有恐怖聳動的言論,使其成為報導的焦點,而當有推翻其真實性的後續消息進入時,往往在報上不見蹤影。某方面而言,我們能說,這些後續報導根本就不曾存在過。

例如,2001年10月26日與11月8日,頭版報導一名叛逃者宣稱,在伊拉克某設有專門訓練恐怖份子並且生產生化武器的軍營。但這條新聞被報導出來後,其真實性卻從未被追蹤或證實過。

2001年12月20日,美國報《Knight Ridder》頭版報導,一名叫阿丹‧伊薩‧席得海達(Adnan Ihsan Saeed al-Haideri)的叛逃者指出,他是名土木工程師,一年前在巴格達一所生產生化核子武器的地下工廠工作,這座工廠位在海珊住所與海珊醫院的地底下。但今年初,美國軍方帶著這名逃犯前往實地探查,結果發現,並沒有任何生使用化武器設備的證據。雖然如此,我們認為伊拉克本土還是有可能挖掘出大規模的生化武器。

2002年9月8日頭版頭標寫著:「美政府指出,海珊正強化其核武設備」。報導中提到「鋁製管」,當局鄭重聲明這些鋁製管是製造核子武器的重要材料。相同的,這篇報導的消息來源來自叛逃者的提供,不同的是這次美國最高情治單位也透露相同的消息。然而我們仍要強調,在此並不表示我們能忽視核子武器可能帶來的威脅,而是要更加提高警覺。在這篇3,600字的報導中似乎暗示著,這些猜測拿來做核子武器原料鋁管其真正用途並不確定。但此暗示卻又似有非無。

上述新聞5天後,紐約時報記者才了解到原來所謂的「鋁製管」只是情報單位間爭辯的一個議題。而在A13版的報導中可以嗅出一股不安的氣息,但標題中卻完全沒有透露關於白宮對伊拉克實施武力限制的內容。1月9日,國際原子能總署(International Atomic Energy Agency)向新關鍵證據的出現提出質疑時,紐約時報的相關報導才給了鋁製管的懷疑論者一個交代。然而,這篇報導應該刊載在A1版,而不應刊登在A10版。

2003年4月21日,美國武器搜查小組(American weapons-hunters)跟隨美軍進入伊拉克。而當天頭版刊登寫道,「一位伊拉克科學家坦承早在開戰前,伊拉克就擁有大規模的非法武器……」「這位科學家告訴美軍,他早在10年前就為海珊的化學武器計畫進行實驗,而這些化學武器與生物戰設備在開戰的前幾天就裝置完畢了。」

情報提供者同時宣稱,伊拉克已將大量非法武器運往敘利亞,並且與蓋達組織合作。這些聲明至今仍十分具有爭議,然而這位自曝身分的伊拉克科學家,卻給了美國主戰人士合理的辯護。

但這個消息來源的真實性並未被證實過,而該消息提供者的情報也未被查證。

以上所提到的文章,都能在紐約時報網站上瀏覽(nytimes.com/critique),讀者可以網站上找到由麥可‧高登(Michael Gordon)上月為紐約時報書評《New York Times Review of Book》所寫一系列相關細節評論,包括紐約時報所有的軍事報導,及關於「鋁管」的報導,與回應讀者關於伊拉克報導的問題。透過他的論述,讀者能以較簡明清晰的方式了解這些情報消息相關報導的複雜性。

至於未來,所有關於伊拉克武器的消息的與情報來源不正確的報導,本報都將視為「未完成式」。而我們也將持續追根究底所有的線索,以維繫紐約時報優良的傳統。
(回目錄)



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