═【立報】════════════════════════════
教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導
═══════════════════════《2003/02/21》═════
*****【本 期 內 容】
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教育專題 ◎ 戰爭與和平──繞著地球轉
地球的24小時
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◎ 戰爭與和平──繞著地球轉 地球的24小時
壹、國際時勢
＊ 全球氣溫再創高紀錄（路透社）
根據英國氣象局2月12日公布的一項分析，2002和2001、1998年並列為1860年開始記錄地球氣溫以來，地球溫度最高的一年。全球溫度持續升高，與溫室氣體排放量排放增加有關。為了抑制全球溫室氣體排放量，聯合國曾在1997年簽定「京都議定書」，希望在2008至2012年間，將溫室氣體排放量降至1990年的12.5%水準以下。但美國於去年12月以議定書限制的二氧化碳排放標準，將會打擊美國工業生產力，而宣布退出，使得「京都議定書」無法施行。美國一個國家就釋放出全球溫室氣體的1／4。相較之下，英國則逐步減少溫室氣體的排放。
Global temperatures have kept rising and 2002 was one of the warmest
years on record while many greenhouse gases reached their highest ever levels
in 2001, a British government report said on Tuesday.
Data analysed by the UK Meteorological Office's Hadley Centre for
Climate Prediction and Research found that last year joined 2001 and 1998 as
the top three warmest since records began in 1860.
"This report does show that the UK is making good progress to
tackle its greenhouse gas emissions, but much more needs to be done if we are
to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a safe
level," Environment Minister Michael Meacher said in a statement.
Scientists say greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, from vehicle
and industry emissions, cause temperature increases by trapping the sun's heat
in the atmosphere.
Meacher said in a statement that Britain was on track to exceed its
target under the United Nations Kyoto Protocol of cutting greenhouse gas
emissions by 12.5 percent below 1990 levels by 2008-2012.
The report said the UK could still achieve its own higher target of a
23 percent cut. A government paper on the future of the energy sector is due in
the next couple of months. A report last year advocated increasing energy from
renewable sources to 20 percent by 2020 as a way of meeting climate goals.
Climate change scenarios for the UK by the Hadley Centre suggest a
future of hotter, drier summers and warmer, wetter winters.
＊
美國將太空軍事化，製造許多危機
(Indymedia)
＊
NASA花鉅資軍事化太空(Indymedia)
今年2月1日，美國太空梭哥倫比亞號在德州東北部爆炸墜毀，當全世界媒體聚焦於太空梭為何失事，及死亡太空人的背景時，卻沒有媒體批判美國將太空軍事化，對全世界人類可能帶來的危險。1967年的外太空條約（Outer
Space Treaty），禁止將太空軍事化；聯合國在2000年11月以160對0票通過，再次重申這項禁令，不過，美國、以色列和麥克羅尼西亞卻在表決時棄權。此外，由於NASA花大筆預算致力執行各種軍事任務，太空梭的維護卻未獲相對的重視，有人批評，這也是導致哥倫比亞號失事墜毀的原因。
While the world media covers the shuttle Columbia's tragic crash over
northeast Texas, little is said about the ambiguous and deepening relationship
between NASA and the military especially under the leadership of NASA's new chief,
Sean O'Keefe, a Dick Cheney protege (手下) who served as Secretary of the Navy
during the first Bush Administration. The Space Shuttle, for instance, has been
used in recent years for everything from repairing the Hubble Telescope to
studying the effects of weightlessness on tiny insects to deploying global
positioning satellites that provide signals for most of today's
precision-guided "smart" bombs. On Monday, there was a small protest
outside the opening of the 20th Annual Symposium on Space Nuclear Power &
Propulsion in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
NASA hopes to carry out tests for the Pentagon's "Space Based
Laser" by 2016 or 2017, according to Bruce Gagnon, director of Global Network
against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space. Under the Bush Administration, it
is also looking to develop a new generation of nuclear reactors that could not
only propel interplanetary spacecraft but provide the enormous power projection
capability needed to keep laser battle stations orbiting above the Earth. The
weaponization of space is forbidden by the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, which the
U.S. signed. The United Nations re-affirmed its supported for that treaty in
Nov. 2000 by a vote of 160-0 with the U.S., Israel and Micronesia abstaining.
NASA also envisions mining colonies on the Moon, Mars, and asteroids
that would be powered by nuclear reactors. All of the above missions would be
launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on rockets with a historic
10% failure rate. And, while NASA pours billions into military-related
projects, basic maintenance of the space shuttle fleet has been neglected
according to a leading British paper. This reports contrasts with The
Washington Post's fawning coverage of NASA's leadership in the aftermath of
Saturday's events.
＊
紐約市舉行反戰遊行
＊
大蘋果市民高舉反戰旗幟
美國攻打伊拉克的態勢如箭在弦上，然而，全球反戰的聲浪也日益高漲，美國本土也不例外。紐約市準備發動「全世界對戰爭說不」全球行動日活動，市立大學學生則打算在2月15日佔領校長辦公室，要求她表明反戰。類似紐約市的反戰遊行，將在全球超過300個主要城市舉行，尤以歐洲的城市為主。
New York City is leading the build-up to this Saturday's "World
Says No To War" global day of action. City University students occupied
the office of their College President overnight Monday, demanding she speak out
against the war and cuts in education spending, a result of increased military
expenditures, the students say. Other antiwar activists chained themselves
together in front of an interstate tunnel, blocking traffic during the Tuesday
morning commute. While a permit has been granted for Saturday's rally at the
UN, a judge recently upheld the Police Department's denial of a permit to
march, citing the recent "Orange Alert." New Yorkers have responded
by planning dozens of unpermitted feeder marches.
Though this rally is expected to be one the largest of the day, over
300 other rallies are planned for cities across the globe, including Montreal
(fr), Atlanta, and Rome (it).
＊
中國足球隊與巴西足球隊對戰（路透社）
＊ 足球新手中國逼和霸王巴西（路透社）
足球運動剛剛起步的中國，對上世界第一的巴西，會產生什麼樣的結果？中國足球隊新任總教頭哈恩說，子弟兵只要進1球，他就很滿意了。由於巴西足球隊陣中擁有世界盃名將羅納度、李瓦度和羅納迪諾，哈恩自知要贏球很難，所以以進1球期勉子弟兵振作抗敵。2月12日在廣州市舉行的這場中、巴大戰未演先轟動，門票銷售一空。結果在8萬名觀眾的助威下，中國隊以0比0踢和巴西。雖然子弟兵未能進球，不過，逼和巴西隊則頗令哈恩滿意。
China's new coach Arie Haan says he will be happy if his side scores a
goal when they take on the overpowering might of world champions Brazil on
Wednesday.
Haan acknowledges it will be "really difficult for us"
against a side Brazilian coach Carlos Alberto Parreira promises will be at full
strength -- Ronaldo, Rivaldo, Ronaldhino and all-- and determined to
demonstrate they are worthy world champions.
"I think if you're on the other side, I don't think you have to be
afraid," the former Netherlands international told Reuters in an
interview.
"First, I hope we can score a goal," Haan said. "What is
a good result? I don't know. What's important is
the Chinese players have a good performance. I mean, to show that they
can play football," he said.
How good a performance, Haan did not know. "We've had too little
games, preparation, and it's a pity to
say, but these players don't have any rhythm of the game. So they have
to find the rhythm in this game and I'm very curious if it'll happen."
Haan said he had asked China's football leadership to select the squad
for him and had been given a mixture of experience and new talent.
The most notable omission was Fan Zhiyi, arguably China's best ever
player but now 33 and playing in the English second division with Cardiff City.
But with six overseas players, led by Li Tie who is having an excellent
first season with English premier league side Everton, Haan is confident he has
a platform to build on.
"They have a lot of young players. It's not a problem," he
said, joking that in a country of 1.3 billion people he was sure that "we
will find a lot of good players".
Against Brazil, "most important is to play and learn that they see
how you can play top football", he said.
"We can tell them a lot, but they have to feel it. We have to feel
our game in the circle."
Fans in the southern city of Guangzhou appeared to have similar expectations
to Haan after watching their team reach the World Cup finals for the first time
last year and depart without a goal or a point and thrashed 4-0 by Brazil.
"If China could score
one goal, I'd be very satisfied. That would be enough to make me happy,"
said middle-aged Ding Qing.
貳、延伸閱讀：
地球的數學秘密
（取材自成大物理系）
這期的國際時勢專題，主要與我們人類的家──地球有關，你對我們所居住的地球了解有多少呢？地球是現知的本太陽系中，唯一有生命存在的星體。由外太空看地球，地球為藍色的行星，70%的表面佈有「生命之泉」的液態水。地球的其他基本資料包括：
與太陽的平均距離（km） 150,000,000
直徑（km）
12,760
質量（M地球）
5.976*1024 kg
密度（g/cm3）
5.497
表面溫度（℃）
-50至50
公轉週期（days）
365.26
自轉週期（hour）
24
參、大考驗
太陽系有9大行星，除了地球外，還有8顆行星。
（1）你能夠說出這些行星的中、英文名字嗎？
（2）你能按照行星與太陽的距離，標示出它們的排序嗎？
（答案：水星Mercury、金星Venus、地球Earth、火星Mars、木星Jupiter、土星Saturn、天王星Uranus、海王星Neptune、冥王星Pluto）
（Mercury、Venus、Earth、Mars、Jupiter、Saturn、Uranus、Neptune、Pluto）
圖說
1. 全球有超過300個以上的城鎮舉行和平的反戰遊行，主要集中在歐洲。（圖／路透社）
2. 在廣州舉行的中、巴足球大戰，巴西隊的羅納度在中場運球時，中國隊的齊宏緊跟在旁。
（圖／路透社）
3. 支持巴西隊的中國球迷，為了表達支持熱誠，全身穿滿了黃色衣飾。（圖／路透社）
4. 失事墜毀的美國太空梭哥倫比亞號資料照。（圖／中央社）