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教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導
═══════════════════════《2003/03/06》═════
*****【本 期 內 容】
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教育專題 ◎ 國際專版
反戰，大家一起來
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◎ 國際專版 反戰，大家一起來
編譯▓盧永山
今年2月15和16日，全世界超過300個城市的上千萬民眾一同走上街頭，抗議美英等國準備攻打伊拉克。面對如此排山倒海的反戰聲浪，以及許多國家要求和平解決伊拉克爭端的立場，美國總統布希卻仍堅持己見，認為出兵伊拉克「有理」。布希的強勢和冥頑不靈激起美國國內外民眾的反彈，反戰的怒火持續延燒。
（1）最具指標性意義的反戰團體代表，就是美國的退伍軍人，他們曾親臨戰場，知道戰爭的殘忍和痛苦。這些退伍軍人團體參與多場反戰示威，他們除了要求美國國防部長倫斯斐下台，也發動一項全球退伍軍人及現役軍人大連署；部分現役軍人甚至拒絕被派駐波斯灣地區。
Veterans Against War in Iraq
（quoted from Indymedia）
Many U.S. military veterans are demonstrating against the Bush regime's
rush to war against Iraq. Veterans for Peace were present at both the large J18
and massive F15 demonstrations. They are urging top U.S. military commanders to
Remember Nuremberg and have demanded the resignation of U.S. Secretary of War,
Rumsfeld. Likewise, the Vietnam Veterans Against War have made their case
against another Gulf war.
Another veterans group is circulating a statement of conscience（良心）
from veterans to troops all over the world. The Call to Conscience has
reportedly has been signed by over 700 veterans; 20% of the signers are said to
be Gulf War Vets with many signers on active duty. The group says the statement
has been translated into 8 languages and is being distributed on military bases
in the US and to deploying troops in Europe.
Some active duty soldiers（現役軍人） are refusing to be deployed to the Gulf
region. A U.S. Marine Corp veteran, now in the Reserves, who happens to be a
Muslim, has also refused. The peace group Human Shields, was organized by a
Gulf War veteran. It traveled through Europe and has now arrived in Iraq with
150 persons and another 100 on the way.
（2）發動戰爭，受害的不只是軍人，婦女和兒童是所有武裝衝突的受害者，80％的難民和流離失所者也是她們。而第二次世界大戰之後，已有6千8百萬人死於各次戰爭中，他們中的絕大多數來自於發展中國家，而美國幾乎參與了這些戰爭。為了呼籲國際社會正視戰爭對於婦女和兒童的危害，洛杉磯市的婦女團體計畫在3月8日國際婦女節當天，發動反戰遊行，做為全球婦女反戰運動的一部分。在發給女性朋友的一封信中，洛杉磯婦女團體認為，世界各地若有愈多的婦女挺身而出，婦女需求的能見度也就愈高，她們的反戰訴求也會受到更多重視。要了解全球婦女反戰運動具體計畫，讀者可參閱下列網站http://womenstrike8m.server101.com，並給予聲援。（附圖一張）
Global Women's Strike March 8, 2003
（quoted from Strike / anti-war actions 2003）
Dear sisters:
We are implementing plans for a women's anti-war march & rally to
be held in Los Angeles at the Westwood Federal Building on March 8,
International Women's Day, as part of this global movement. We will gather at
11:00am and then march, with brief noisemaking stops at Occidental Petroleum's
international headquarters, at Starbucks and at the Veterans Cemetery. The
march will end in a rally and music back at the Federal Building. Our action
will include speakers, street theatre, puppets and music, noise makers, belly dancers,
and more to oppose war and economic plunder（掠奪）.
Your help is urgently needed! Please bring your ideas including how to
publicize the event in your own networks, your demands for money from the
military budget in benefits and other resources, slogans, visual effects, and
so on. Working groups have been formed in the following areas and you are
invited to sign up: Outreach & Publicity; Arts and Action; Security &
Logistics; Program.
This action will have the most impact if women from all the communities
are present, Black and immigrant women, women with disabilities and elders,
mothers and children, women in waged jobs, lesbian women, sex workers,
supportive men, etc, etc. The more we as women come together from Venezuela to
the US to Nigeria to break the divisions of race, nation, religion, language -
which divide us to deprive us - the more grassroots women's needs are visible
and our demands heard against the wars and the trade in arms that soak up our
resources.
Come and hear about Strike plans round the world. We look forward to
seeing you, and your friends, sisters, mothers, grandmothers, who would like to
participate in organizing for this exciting event.
As we prepare to Strike on International Women's Day 2003 with women
from many countries, we face the threat that the US government will unleash its
weapons of mass destruction. It has never been so urgent for women to take the
lead to: Stop the World and Change It.
Power to the sisters
Los Angeles Strike Working Group
（3）正當美國國內部分民眾挺身反戰時，歐洲民眾也以具體行動，扼阻美國利用歐洲海陸交通工具或港口運送軍隊或軍事裝備。在義大利、荷蘭、奧地利、比利時等國，抗議民眾透過封路、封港、佔領火車站和船隻的方式，阻止美國軍用物資的運送。
No Tanks: Trainstopping in Europe
（quoted from Indymedia）
A week after millions took to the streets, transports of material and
soldiers from US military bases in Europe to the Gulf region continue, as do
actions against them. In Italy, Defense Minister Martino guaranteed the use of
public infrastructures for US transport without the necessary approval of the
parliament. The response of the antiwar movement is trainstopping. Since 21
February, hundreds of protestors in daily actions have tried to block 26
convoys on their way to the Camp Darby military base near Pisa. Activists from
all over Italy are now heading to Pisa, while police are trying to keep control
of the train stations.
Since 23 February, the train personnel has been defined as
"military personnel." While the train workers do not get much support
from their labour union, the labour union of dock workers has announced that
they will not load military equipment on the ships. The British consulate（領事館）
was occupied in Torino, and other actions are expected also in Ferrara, where
1,000 people were strongly charged police, as well as in Udine. At Magdalena
Isle near Sardinia, another 1,000 activists were roughly cleared out by police.
After Austria denied the US military transports from crossing its soil
on the way from Germany to Italy, US equipment is now transported through the
Netherlands. On 25 February, the anniversary of the first strike in the
Netherlands against the deportation of jews in 1941, some 20 actions were held
across the Netherlands, including a blockade of the office of the US Military
Traffic Management Command. On 20 February, Greenpeace had blocked the first
ship to leave the harbour of Rotterdam. Actions are also taking place at
Schiphol airport in preparation for a day of action on 15 March.
Actions against the use the Belgium harbour of Antwerpen by the US
military have been going on for weeks, and will continue at 1 and 2 March with
further trainstopping actions.
（4）全球反戰聲浪高漲，為何美國媒體最近所做的各項民調，支持政府攻打伊拉克的美國民眾仍高達5成以上？這很可能是媒體共同封鎖不利美國開戰的消息，導致民眾看不到「另類觀點」的結果。
受到全球反戰聲浪居高不下的影響，美國美國民眾開始質疑布希政府堅持開戰的理由，但美國媒體並未提供足夠的資訊為他們釋疑；因此，有很多人開始瀏覽歐洲的主流或另類媒體，試圖從中尋找答案。根據尼爾森網路民調公司的調查，過去1年來，BBC網上新聞和衛報網路新聞的瀏覽量大增，主要都是美國民眾的傑作。另外，另類媒體Urban75.com和YearZero的瀏覽量近1個月也大幅成長，他們也成為2月15和16日全球反戰遊行的最佳聯絡工具。美國號稱是新聞自由的國度，但在對伊拉克戰爭一事上，美國媒體在布希政府的軟硬兼施之下，幾乎個個噤若寒蟬，不像歐洲媒體的大鳴大放。
US public turns to Europe for news
（quoted from dotJournalism）
The threat of war in Iraq is driving increasing numbers of Americans to
British and international news web sites in search of the broader picture.
According to the internet audience management and analysis company,
Nielsen NetRatings, traffic to the UK's biggest news sites, BBC News Online and
Guardian Unlimited, has increased dramatically over the past year. Many of
these new users are from the US.
Jon Dennis, deputy news editor of the Guardian Unlimited web site said:
"We have noticed an upsurge in traffic from America, primarily because we
are receiving more emails from US visitors thanking us for reporting on
worldwide news in a way that is unavailable in the US media."
The American public is apparently turning away from the mostly
US-centric American media in search of unbiased reporting and other points of views.
Much of the US media's reaction to France and Germany's intransigence（不妥協） on
the Iraqi war issue has verged on the xenophobic（仇外的）, even in the so-called 'respectable'
press. Some reporting has verged on the hysterical（歇斯底里的） - one US news web
site, NewsMax.com, recently captioned a photograph of young German anti-war
protesters as "Hitler's children".
Mr. Dennis said: "American visitors are telling us they are unable
to find the breadth of opinion we have on our web site anywhere else because we
report across the political spectrum rather than from just one perspective.
"We're finally having an impact on the American consciousness.
We're on the radar."
The BBC News Online web site has also noticed an increase in page views
since Christmas 2002, with roughly 50 per cent of their visitors logging-on
from outside the UK.
Mike Smartt, editor-in-chief of BBC News Online told dotJournalism:
"Page views on the site have risen between 10 and 20 percent and feedback
tells us that visitors come to us for more impartial, even-handed news coverage
as American reportage can be rather US-centric."
Many European news networks have also noticed an increase in visitors
from the USA. "The number of American users has risen to 60 per cent of
all visitors to the World News Network sites since the beginning of
January," said Emilio Larlori, marketing manager for the World News
Network.
Much of the feedback to European news web sites suggests people are no
longer relying solely on the media in their own country for accurate and objective
reporting. The internet has now become the home to a diversity of opinion as
people choose to make up their own minds on how world situations are taking
shape, no longer content with their own localized coverage.
People now seem to be exercising their right to information as a global
scale and, according to Mr. Larlori, the influx of American visitors to
non-American news sites illustrates this. "Visitors from the USA are using
our English-language news sites more now than ever, as they are looking for
news on the international situation. They want more information and more
opinions on what's happening with Iraq."
Alternative news sites such as Urban75.com and YearZero have also seen
an increase traffic in recent months. Last weekend's international peace
rallies were coordinated via the internet at a speed and efficiency that would
have been unimaginable during the last Gulf war in 1991.
This time round, in such a diverse news climate, governments will find it
increasingly difficult to propagandize（宣傳）.
延伸閱讀：
美英兩國欲出兵伊拉克，由於理由並不充分，已引起中東地區除了以色列、土耳其（土耳其是北約成員，近來來極欲爭取加入歐盟，但其領土大部分位於中東地區）外多數阿拉伯國家的同仇敵愾。由於文化、語言因素，讀者對中東地區較為陌生，但不算太大的中東地區，竟有十幾個國家。你知道這些國家的正確位置、首都和國旗嗎？（搭配中東地區地圖）
巴林 麥納瑪（Manama）
以色列 耶路薩冷（Jerusalem）
伊朗 德黑蘭（Tehran）
伊拉克 巴格達（Baghdad）
約旦 安曼（Amman）
科威特 科威特市（Kuwait City）
黎巴嫩 貝魯特（Beirut）
阿曼 馬斯喀特（Muscat）
卡達 杜哈（Doha）
沙烏地阿拉伯 利雅德（Riyadh）
敘利亞 大馬士革（Damascus）
阿拉伯聯合大公國 阿布達比（Abu Dhabi）
葉門 沙那（Sanaa）
土耳其 安卡拉（Ankara）