═【立報】════════════════════════════
教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導
═══════════════════════《2003/04/04》═════
*****【本 期 內 容】
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教育專題 ◎ 國際時勢：奧斯卡頒獎典禮
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◎ 國際時勢：奧斯卡頒獎典禮
奧斯卡獎
糖果和棍棒齊飛
策劃、編譯▓盧永山
反戰
可以做不能說
第75屆奧斯卡金像獎頒獎典禮於日前舉行，由於美英聯軍對伊拉克發動戰爭，有人預期，頒獎典禮必然是砲聲隆隆，特別是有許多好萊塢明星高舉反戰之姿，批評布希政府開戰的諸多不是。不過，令人訝意的是，整個頒獎典禮上，除了以《可倫賓保齡球》（Bowling
For Columbine）獲得最佳紀錄片的該片製片麥克摩爾（Michael Moore），在發表得獎感言時，大言「以布希為恥」外，好萊塢明星多以V字型和平手勢或戴和平徽章，消極的表達抗議，令主辦典禮的美國廣播公司（ABC）鬆了一口氣。因為，若典禮上砲聲隆隆，將影響到許多廣告主的廣告意願；根據英國衛報報導，頒獎典禮每30秒的廣告費用高達140萬美元。雖然這筆錢看似天價，但美國大型企業如麥當勞、可口可樂仍趨之若騖。
事實上，在奧斯卡頒獎典禮上批判美國政府不是，並表達反戰立場的，不只是麥克摩爾。1975年，奧斯卡獎最佳紀錄片製片《心靈》的製作人巴特施奈德，從北越傳來一份得獎感言，並在典禮上被宣讀。巴特施奈德的得獎感言指出：「請將此份感言傳給我們在美國的朋友，作為我們對他們為和平所做的種種努力之認可。」巴特施奈德這段宣示經國家廣播電台（NBC）播出後，引發不少觀眾的抗議，後來典禮主持人法蘭克．辛納屈還代表NBC道歉。
在奧斯卡頒獎典禮上放砲，可能會遭到被抵制或禁演的命運。對此，麥克摩爾表示不在乎，因為他的拍片經費來自於加拿大和其他友人。而同樣訐醮布希政府的女鄉村合唱團體「迪克西三人組」，其參與的廣播節目就被禁播，唱片銷售量下滑27％，後經其成員公開道歉後，才挽回頹勢。因此，擔心遭到報復，或許是許多好萊塢明星不願公開表達反布希政府言論之因。
（1）No standing on ceremony（英國衛報）
In 1975, the Oscar for best documentary went to Hearts and Minds, a
film about the Vietnam war. Its producer was the dashing（勇敢的） Burt Schneider,
described as "the eminence grise （幕後操縱者）of the American new wave" in
Peter Biskind's book on the movies of that era, Easy Riders, Raging Bulls.
Schneider's acceptance speech（得獎感言） was a letter from the North
Vietnamese, which he read out to the audience. It said: "Please transmit
to all our friends in America our recognition of all they have done on behalf
of peace."
After furious viewers had called NBC, the network that broadcast the
ceremony, an apology was delivered by the night's master of ceremonies, Frank
Sinatra. "We are not responsible for any political references made on this
program tonight," Sinatra said, "and we are sorry that they are
made."
More than a quarter of century later, another war, another documentary
maker, and another controversial acceptance speech.
Michael Moore, who won the award for Bowling for Columbine, did not
read out a letter from Saddam Hussein thanking the peace movement. But his
remarks about George Bush, whom he called the "fictitious"（虛幻的）president,
and his opposition to the war in Iraq, caused much the same sort of furore（憤怒）.
The documentary category is not usually controversial. Due to an arcane（秘密的）
voting process, it mostly it goes to a fairly worthy but forgettable film: one
would be hard put to name either the maker or titles of recent winning films.
It is rare, in fact, for the prize to go to a film, such as Bowling for
Columbine, that anyone has been to the cinema to see.
So did the academy voters deliberately choose Moore's film because they
were aware that he would, at least, stir things up, even if they would not have
been aware, when they voted, that the nation would be at war?
Moore certainly thought so. "Anybody voting for me for this award
knew that they weren't going to get a speech thanking agents, lawyers, lawyers
of agents and agents of lawyers," he said after the show.
One journalist asked Moore whether he thought he was now going to be
blacklisted in Hollywood, to which he replied: "I don't work in Hollywood.
I'm funded by Canadians and others who don't live here, but it was Hollywood
who voted for this award."
In the part of his acceptance speech drowned out by the noise from the
audience and orchestra, Moore told President Bush that, because both the Pope
and country group the Dixie Chicks（女子鄉村歌唱團體：迪克西三人組）were opposed to him, his
time at the White House would be limited.
It was Dixie Chicks member Natalie Maines who made a disparaging（責備的）remark
about the president during a show in London on March 10, and retribution（報應）has
been swift（迅速）. One radio chain, Cumulus, which has 42 country radio stations,
effectively banned the band. During the following week, their CD sales dropped
by 27%, despite an apology from Maines.
However, there is now, perhaps, a backlash（反彈） against the backlash. In
its business section on Monday, the New York Times reported that the Dixie
Chicks' star is on the rise once more.
A market research company, Mediabase, found that the group's song,
Travelin' Soldier, was country fans' favourite last week. It's all about hearts
and minds.
一隻下金蛋的肥鵝
奧斯卡金像獎自1929年開始頒發以來，已經過了75屆，整個典禮亦做了不少改變，包括公布得獎者之時間、舉行典禮之場地、頒發小金人獎座等。其中，最大的改變在於電子媒體的開始轉播。
1930年第2屆頒獎典禮，洛杉磯電台進行為時1小時的現場轉播；1945年第16屆頒獎典禮，首度進行全國和海外轉播；1953年第25屆頒獎典禮，國家廣播公司（NBC）首度進行電視轉播。1961年起的10年，美國廣播公司（ABC）取得轉播權。從此，奧斯卡頒獎典禮就由NBC和ABC相互競逐。ABC自1976年起甚至取得合約至2008年的轉播權。
電子媒體現場轉播奧斯卡頒獎典禮，最大的效應就是觀眾收視群的增加，進而帶動廣告主的投資意願和廣告費用的節節高升。由本屆頒獎典禮每30秒廣告費用高達140萬美元、不因景氣變差可知，奧斯卡頒獎典禮已成為美國大型企業的最佳展示場所。
因此，奧斯卡頒獎典禮究竟是為了鼓勵藝人努力創作演出而頒，還是為了替大型企業打廣告而頒，答案已很清楚。
History of the Academy Awards（奧斯卡獎官方網站，網址為http://www.oscars.org/index.html）
When the first Academy Awards were handed out on May 16, 1929, movies
had just begun to talk.
That first Awards ceremony took place during a banquet（盛宴） held in the
Blossom Room of the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. The attendance was 250 and
tickets cost $10.
The suspense which now touches most of the world at Oscar time was not
always a characteristic of the Awards. At first the winners were known prior to
the Awards banquets. Results were given in advance to the newspapers for
publication at 11 p.m. on the night of the Awards. But in 1940, guests arriving
for the affair could buy the 8:45 p.m. edition of the Los Angeles Times, which
announced the winning achievements. As a result, the sealed-envelope system was
adopted the next year and remains in use today.
Since the earliest years, interest in the Academy Awards has run high,
if not at the modern fever-pitch（高峰）. The first presentation was the only one
to escape a media audience, but by the second year enthusiasm for the Awards
was so high that a Los Angeles radio station actually did a live, one-hour
broadcast. The Awards have had broadcast coverage since.
For 15 years the Academy Awards Presentations were banquet affairs
held, after the first in the Blossom Room, at the Ambassador and Biltmore
hotels. The custom of presenting the statuettes（小金人） at a banquet was discontinued
after 1942. Increased attendance and the war had made banquets impractical, and
the presentation ceremonies have since been held in theaters.
The 16th Awards ceremony was held at Grauman's Chinese Theater and was
covered by network radio for the first time and broadcast overseas to American
GIs（美國大兵）. The Awards stayed at Grauman's for three years, then moved to the
Los Angeles Shrine Auditorium. Two years later, in March 1949, the 21st Awards
were held in the Academy's own Melrose Avenue theater. For the next 10 years
the annual Awards were held at the RKO Pantages Theater in Hollywood. It was
here, on March 19, 1953, that the Academy Awards Presentation was first
televised. The NBC-TV and radio network carried the 25th Academy Awards
ceremonies live from Hollywood with Bob Hope as master of ceremonies and from
the NBC International Theater in New York with Fredric March making the
presentations. In 1961, the Awards moved to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium
and for the next 10 years the ABC-TV and radio network handled the broadcasting
duties.
In 1966, the Oscars were first broadcast in color. From 1971 through
1975 the NBC-TV network carried the Awards. ABC has telecast the show since
1976 and is under contract through 2008.
On April 14, 1969, the 41st Academy Awards ceremonies moved to the
brand new Dorothy Chandler Pavilion of the Music Center of Los Angeles County.
It was the first major event for this world-renowned cultural center.
The Awards remained at the Music Center until 1986, when the ceremonies
returned to the Shrine Auditorium for the 60th and 61st Awards. Since then the
Awards have moved back and forth between the Shrine and the Music Center. The
larger Shrine Auditorium (6,000 seats) is used principally to afford Academy
members an opportunity to attend the telecast, an opportunity that is limited
by the Music Center's size (about 2,500 seats). The 74th Awards, in 2002, were
held at a new venue, the Kodak Theatre at Hollywood & Highland(r), across
the street from where the first Oscars were handed out at the Hollywood
Roosevelt Hotel in 1929.
（3）誰有最終決議權
奧斯卡金像獎是由美國影藝學院（The Academy Of Motion Picture Arts And Sciences）頒發，其入圍名單與得獎者即由該組織的成員一同投票決定。各獎項的入圍，是先由影藝學院中各個專業部門的成員，根據上述的資格名單，票選出5組入圍者。例如，由導演部門的導演們，票選出5位年度最出色的導演，攝影部門的攝影師們，選出5位年度最出色的攝影師。演藝學院的會員，是由演藝學院出面邀約電影工業各個領域有特殊成就，或者至少有3部以上電影作品的電影工作者擔任，因此會員資格的取得決定於演藝學院的邀請。
The Academy Awards（票選過程）
Regular awards are presented for outstanding individual or collective
efforts of the year in up to 25 categories.
Five nominations are made in categories with balloting for these
nominations restricted to members of the Academy branch concerned; film
editors, for instance, nominate only for Achievement in Film Editing. All
voting members nominate for Best Picture. Awards are given in two categories which
are not represented by branches: foreign language films and documentaries.
Nominations for awards in these categories are made by large committees of
members drawn from all branches. Final winners are determined by vote of the
entire membership.
In addition to the regular annual awards conferred （討論）by vote of the
membership, the Board of Governors is empowered to vote Scientific and
Technical Awards, Honorary Awards, Special Achievement Awards and other honors.
Among these is the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, a bronze bust（塑像） of the
legendary producer, which is given to "a creative producer who has been
responsible for a consistently high quality of motion picture production."
It is considered the highest accolade（榮譽） a producer can receive.
The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, an Oscar statuette, is given to
"an individual in the motion picture industry whose humanitarian efforts
have brought credit to the industry." The Gordon E. Sawyer Award, also an
Oscar statuette, is given to "an individual in the motion picture industry
whose technological contributions have brought credit to the industry."
大考驗：
奧斯卡金像獎頒獎典禮已舉行了75屆，形成了許多項「傳統」，其中一項就是多次最佳影片得主之主題與戰爭（如第一和二次世界大戰、越戰）有關；另外一個就是，獲得主要獎項（如最佳導演、最佳男女主角、男女配角）之黑人，少之又少。下面有幾個問題要考考讀者。
1）請問下列哪部奧斯卡金像獎最佳影片，主題與戰爭無關？（註1）
a. The Bridge on The River Kwai（1957）
b. Lawrence of Arabia（1962）
c. The Deer Hunter（1978）
d. Platoon（1986）
e. War of Underground（1996）
2.黑人獲得奧斯卡金像獎主要獎項（包括最佳導演、最佳男女主角、男女配角，不含終身成就獎）共有幾次？（註2）
a. 4
b. 5
c. 6
d. 7
e. 8
3. 下列哪位黑人不曾獲得奧斯卡金像獎主要獎項？
a. Hattie McDaniel
b. Eddie Murphy
c. Sidney Poitier
d. Whoopi Goldberg
e. Halle Berry
Answer
1. e
2. d
3. b
註1：
a為《桂河大橋》，背景為第二次世界大戰。
b為《阿拉伯的勞倫斯》，背景為第一次世界大戰。
c為《越戰獵鹿人》，背景為越戰。
d為《前進高棉》，背景為越戰。
e為《洪興仔之江湖大風暴》。
註2：
曾獲得奧斯卡金像獎主要獎項的黑人包括：
得獎人
獎項
得獎年度
得獎作品
哈蒂麥丹妮爾Hattie McDaniel
最佳女配角
1939
《亂世佳人》Gone With The Wind
薛尼鮑迪Sidney Poitier
最佳男演員
1963
《原野游龍》Lilies of The Field
終身成就獎
2002
丹佐華盛頓Denzel Washington
最佳男配角
1989
《光榮戰役》Glory
最佳男演員
2002
《震撼教育》Training Day
琥碧戈德珀Whoopi Goldberg
最佳女配角
1990
《第六感生死戀》Ghost
小古巴古汀Cuba Gooding, Jr.
最佳男配角
1996
《征服情海》Jerry Maguire
荷莉貝瑞Halle Berry
最佳女演員
2002
《擁抱豔陽天》Monster's Ball