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教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導
═══════════════════════《2003/06/06》═════
*****【本 期 內 容】
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教育專題 ◎ 國際專題：八大工業國家高峰會
◎ 八大國家高峰會演進史
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◎ 國際專題：八大工業國家高峰會
1. 八大工業國家高峰會 （Guardians）
八大工業國家高峰會（G8）6月1日起在法國南部的艾維安舉行3天，此次高峰會由於適逢第二次波灣戰爭結束，之前反對美國出兵伊拉克，而與美國總統布希有所齟齬的法國總統席哈克，是否藉此高峰會與布希重修舊好；反戰陣營法國、德國和俄羅斯，與美英之間的「誤會」是否冰釋，自然成為國際矚目焦點。
除了戰後伊拉克局勢、強國間的關係外，此次G8的會議主題仍包括反恐、大規模毀滅性武器、及國際水資源等。主辦國法國特別重視水這個議題，今年3月，席哈克在第三世界水資源論壇上發表演說時曾表示，未來20年，全世界80億人口中，將有2／3面臨缺水危機，因此，G8有必要討論水資源這個議題。
非洲也是此屆G8的會議重點。為了強調對非洲的重視，G8從上屆的熱那亞高峰會開始，就邀請重量級非洲國家領袖參與，並通「非洲發展新夥伴關係」協議。
不過，就如許多非政府組織和反全球化人士所言，G8對非洲的重視，口惠多於實際。
例如，1999年德國科隆高峰會，G8承諾要免除非洲國家1千億美元債務。2000年日本琉球沖繩高峰會，G8重提舊調要免除非洲外債、提供援助，並且對區域衝突進行軍事干預；結果到2000年時，G8僅免除了150億外債，非洲剛果爆發種族屠殺，G8卻不予聞問。2001年義大利熱那亞高峰會，G8通過要捐13億美元給聯合國，設立基金，幫助非洲對抗愛滋病、瘧疾和肺炎；結果當非洲國家要求工業國家放寬國際大藥廠治療上述疾病藥物的專利權，讓非洲國家可以自製或以更便宜的價錢購買藥品時，美國卻搖頭反對。
President Chirac is likely to be seeking rapprochement（重歸舊好） with his
American counterpart at the G8 summit in Evian and the intimate nature of the event
will give him his chance. But too enthusiastic a Gallic kiss（法式親吻） and make up
between the two seems unlikely. Both leaders attended the tercentenary（3百週年）of
St Petersburg before drifting off to Evian for the G8, but while the Russian junket（宴會）
was a a sufficiently large and lavish affair to avoid diplomatic embarassment
the G8 will certainly see the French, Germans and Russians on the one hand, and
the US and Britain on the other, being forced to sit and smile sweetly for the
camera together. Considering that the US camp briefly considered staying over
the border in Switzerland, merely getting Bush in the same frame as Chirac will
be achievement enough for the ill-starred official photographer.
What's on the agenda?
Apart from the usual sumptuous（奢侈的）entertaining, the main topics of
discussion this year will include The War Against Terror, Weapons of Mass
Destruction and the international water supply. President Chirac told the Third
World Water Forum in March this year that: 'Of the eight billion inhabitants
living on earth in twenty years' time, two thirds may face water shortages.'
This, Chirac added, was something that the G8 should put at the centre of its
agenda. 'France has made sustainable development and the future of the African
continent the priorities for the [G8] meeting. Water is a key issue in this
respect,' he said.
Africa
The issue of the world's water supply is a continuation of a recent
theme of the G8, that of Africa. Although Africa is not represented on the core
G8, this will be the second year that a delegate from the continent has
attended. Last year's head of the African delegation was the South African
president, Thabo Mbeki, this year's is Mr Omar Bongo, president of the oil rich
West African nation, Gabon, since 1967. Mr Bongo is not an uncontroversial
figure, having been forced by Citibank to close his accounts with them in 1999
after $130 million flowed through them.
Recent initiatives focused on Africa have included the G8 announcing a
plan to cancel $100 billion of debt for third world countries at Cologne in 1999,
and pledging $1.3 billion to a UN fund to fight AIDS, tuberculosis（肺結核） and
malaria（瘧疾） at Genoa in 2001.
Also at Genoa, heads of state from some of Africa's most powerful
nations joined the G8 leaders in signing the New Partnership for Africa's
Development (NEPAD), a declaration heralding a new era of cooperation between
the leading African nations to try to solve the continent's problems.
Cooperation has, however, been stilted both by the west's unwillingness to
abandon agricultural protection which makes it impossible for African farmers
to compete and because African governments have done little to put their warm
words about ensuring good governance into practice when it has come to hard
cases like Zimbabwe's President Mugabe.
What good has the G8 done?
The NGO 'Jubilee 2000' was central to the pressure on the G8, including
the 70,000 strong demonstrations at the Birmingham summit in 1998, that led to
the 1999 Cologne debt relief declaration. However, for all the fine words of
debt relief and cancellation, after Okinawa in 2000, Jubilee 2000's UK
Director, Ann Pettifor said: 'They have merely repeated their promises of a
year ago. They did not keep their promises then. Why should we believe them
now?' The 'promises' the G8 were accused of failing to keep were the $100
billion of debt cancellation announced at Cologne, which Jubilee 2000 claimed
had only reached $15 billion by 2000.
Phil Twyford, Oxfam's international advocacy director, was similarly
unimpressed by the G8's backing of the NEPAD initiative: "They're offering
peanuts to Africa - and repackaged peanuts at that,' he said of the promises of
aid, debt relief and military intervention at the 2002 summit at Okinawa. Given
the crisis in the Congo, the last of those promises will be very current at
Evian.
G8的偽善和為富不仁，難怪每逢高峰會召開之際來自全世界的反全球化運動人士、非政府組織等，會齊聚在高峰會場外示威抗議。不過，G8也愈來愈聰明，為了避免抗議人士騷擾，他們現在都把會議地點選在交通不便、人煙稀少的地點，如2000年是在日本的沖繩，2002年是在加拿大的山區度假聖地卡納納斯基斯，
今年則選在法國南部的小城艾維安。在主辦國動用大歸模維安部隊下，抗議人士被遙遙阻絕在會場外，只能望G8領袖興嘆。
除了進行地理封鎖，G8高峰會的主辦國都會發動政治宣傳，將反全球化抗議人士抹黑成暴力、破壞份子。即便如此，抗議人士堅定的指出，他們仍會繼續反對G8高峰會、反對全球化，他們的挺身而出，只是想證明另一種生活模式是有可能的。
2. 高峰會外的示威抗議 (Guardians)
In the "intergalactic（銀河系）village" compost heaps are growing,
groups of activists brush their teeth around communal sinks（水槽）, debates rage in
crowded marquees（大帳幕） while a couple roll in each other's arms in the middle of
the main entrance.
Neat rows of state-of-the-art tents have mushroomed in the fields
outside the small French town of Annemasse, as buses and trains full of
anti-globalisation protesters have made their way here to make their views
known about the G8 summit, 10 miles down the road in Evian.
"There are only eight of them and billions of us," read
banners planted all over the "chill out" quarter of one carefully
organised "alternative" campsite in the town where organisers hope 100,000
people from across Europe and further afield（野外）will gather over the next few
days.
In the "G-spot" women-only campsite and next door at the
anti-capitalism anarchists' base, protesters prepare demonstrations and debate
"what's right and what's wrong with the world", while practising an
alternative style of living based on "no rules, just principles, no
exploiters and no exploited".
Outside the sprawling working-class French town, a couple of miles over
the border from Geneva, there is a ring of security forces. They are there to
keep protesters at a safe distance from the summit. Authorities have warned
that as many as 250,000 protesters could descend on the area.
Local traders have boarded up their shops, fearing a rerun of the Genoa
protests in 2001 when one demonstrator was killed in running street battles
with police.
"It feels as though this place is under siege," said Estelle,
a 52-year-old geography teacher. "I've got nothing against these people. I
just wish they'd do their thing somewhere else."
The town's police station is already surrounded by barbed wire and
ranks of riot police. Annemasse police refuse to give details of their security
reinforcements but confirm they have set up a makeshift overflow detention
centre in a sports centre to cope with mass arrests.
In the campsites, activist lawyers are running advice centres to tell
demonstrators how to cope with police violence or arrest.
"Who knows what could happen? A terrorist attack. Smashed windows.
Police raids on our camps. The only thing to do is improvise," said lawyer
Romain Sabon.
"They've mounted a special propaganda campaign to make people
think we are all casseurs
（野蠻人）[vandals]," said Cheryl, a 30-year-old member of the French
activist group Liberal Alternative. "We want to show people there's
nothing wrong with us. We just believe there is another way."
As crowds with tents and rainbow peace flags continue to flock into the
town, activists paint banners and practise drumbeats in the sun while others
hold meetings to organise protest marches, the biggest of which will converge
on the Swiss-French border as the summit starts on Sunday.
Small groups of protesters are planning to block roads between Geneva
and Evian, to disrupt dignitaries' journeys to the meeting. One group has even plotted
to sneak（潛入） into Evian by rafting across Lake Geneva, to plant a pirate flag
on the convention centre.
In a warm-up protest on Thursday night, an estimated 5,000 protesters, many
wrapped in peace flags, marched through the Swiss town of Lausanne, scuffling
with police outside the hotel where many dignitaries will stay.
Veteran protesters argued that the Iraq war has served as a catalyst（催化劑）,
with spontaneous anti-war demonstrations producing a natural bridge between the
mainstream public and the anti-globalisation movement.
"People feel fragile in their daily lives these days and
international institutions have lost their credibility," said Jose Bove, a
veteran French campaigner who has achieved celebrity status in France and is
being prosecuted for vandalising a McDonald's car park.
"The G8 is just not legitimate. We are here to show that,"
said Mr Bove, wearing an anti-lorry T-shirt after attending a protest at the
Mont Blanc tunnel.
"Each time we gather like this, the pressure grows. We are forcing
the G8 leaders to answer our questions. Dracula（吸血鬼） cannot stand daylight. If
you put him in the light, he will shrivel and die."
◎八大國家高峰會演進史
1975年
法國總統季斯卡邀請德國、日本、英國、美國和義大利的領袖，在鄰近巴黎的朗布伊埃（Rambouillet）舉行非正式的會議，討論世界議題。這幾個國家開始有定期聚集，召會非正式會議的念頭。
1976年
隨著朗布伊埃高峰會的成功，這項會議成為年度大事。這年在美國波多黎各舉行的高峰會，將加拿大納入團體裡。
七國高峰會（G7）的會議議題隨各國需求和政治發展而改變。七國的聚會原本聚焦於短期經濟政策，隨著國際情勢演變，逐漸轉為關注結構性及全球性的議題，例如永續發展和全球健康。
1995年
在加拿大哈利法克斯（Halifax）舉行的G7高峰會，促使世界銀行（WB）、國際貨幣基金（IMF）及其他國際組織的運作，產生重大改變。
1996年
在法國里昂舉行的G7高峰會，各國首度發起「免除高負債窮國債務」（HIPC）動議。
1997年
在美國丹佛市舉行的G7高峰會，首度邀請俄羅斯與會，驗證了冷戰時代的結束。
1998年
在英國伯明罕首度舉行G8高峰會，首度採取只有領袖參與的政策。
1999年
在德國科隆舉行的G8高峰會，通過「增加免除高負債窮國債務」動議，將免除世界最需要國家370億美元債務。
2000年
在日本沖繩舉行的G8高峰會，各國領袖同意提供更多經費，對抗傳染疾病。並且採用資訊和傳播科技、數位落差的新憲章。
2001年
在義大利熱那亞舉行的G8高峰會，各國同意設立「全球對抗愛滋病、肺炎和瘧疾基金」，此次高峰會首度邀請重量級非洲國家領袖與會，並通過「非洲發展新夥伴關係」協議。
2002年
在加拿大卡納納斯基斯（Kananaskis）舉行的G8高峰會，各國宣誓要對抗恐怖主義，並且將關注地球的永續發展和民眾的教育問題。
盧永山／輯譯