═【立報】════════════════════════════
教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導
═══════════════════════《2003/06/20》═════
*****【本 期 內 容】
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教育專題 ◎ 國際專題：巴黎航空展
◎ 橫越大西洋，小型航空公司稱道（Reuters）
◎ 世界民用航空業的發展
◎ 7月徵文
關於畢業典禮
********************************************************************
◎國際專題：巴黎航空展
策劃、編譯▓盧永山
巴黎航空展，協和號除役（AFP）
摘要
兩年舉行一次的第45屆巴黎航空展，6月15日在巴黎的雷布爾傑機場揭幕，受到美國的消極抵制（因美國不滿法國在第二次波灣戰爭中，率領反戰國家反對美國出兵伊拉克）、911後的恐怖攻擊陰影、世界經濟衰退及SARS的影響，參與航展的航太或軍火公司大幅減少，航空展的展出菜單也失色許多（例如，美國的戰鬥機首度不在巴黎的天空翱翔）。不過，服務於大西洋兩岸逾30年的超音速客機「協和號」，飛抵雷布傑爾機場進行除役，為冷清的航空展帶來些許溫馨。
美國的缺席，加上參與的航太或軍火公司大幅減少，使得現場的交易變得十分冷清。但好消息是，飽受戰火摧殘的中東地區，航空運輸的需求並未受到影響，反而持續成長。這些阿拉伯國家的航空公司也看準了，因全世界經濟不景氣，購機成本將大幅降低的機會，添構新機，以現代化自己的機隊。
原文
A slimmed-down（縮減規模） Paris Air Show opened to the world's media with a
tribute to the Concorde and the end of nearly 30 years of supersonic commercial
flight.
Little business news was expected during the show at Le Bourget airport
as the stricken aviation industry tries to ride out the turbulence of the
global economy.
BAE Systems, Europe's largest defense company, said it expected a
decision from the British defense ministry on its bid for a Hawk training jet
order at the end of the month.
"We turned in a value-for-money（物有所值） proposal that met all the
requirements," a spokesman for the British giant told AFX, AFP's financial
news subsidiary. He declined to say if or how the government had reacted to his
company's proposal for the contract, estimated to be worth one billion pounds
(1.4 billion euros, 1.7 billion dollars).
At the show's opening aerial display, President Jacques Chirac applauded
along with a sea of spectators as a sleek（光滑）, white Air France Concorde
touched down for the last time.
Air France has donated its top Concorde to Le Bourget's Air and Space
Museum after retiring its Concorde fleet in May. The F-BTSD holds the records
for the fastest round-the-world commercial flights, in 1992 westbound and in
1995 eastbound. British Airways, the only other airline flying Concordes, will decommission（除役）
its fleet in October.
Chirac inaugurated the 45th edition of the show, which was set to open
to the public Sunday and runs to June 22 at the airport north of Paris.
"We are very favorable to major development of the cooperation in the
aeronautic and space domain between Russia and Europe, and in particular
between Russia and France," Chirac said, while visiting the stand of the
Russian plane maker Sukhoi.
"It's a priority area" of Russian-EU cooperation, he said.
"In the space sector, we are very determined, the French and Germans in
particular, to do the maximum to develop our cooperation" with Russia.
"And I know that is also the thesis" of Russian President Vladimir
Putin, he added.
One hundred years after the Wright brothers' first flight, this biennial（兩年一次的）
show, which alternates（交替） with the Farnborough Air Show near London, reveals
the strains of a rough two years worldwide.
Gone are the giddy（令人眼花撩亂的） good times of the last, record-setting show
at Le Bourget, held only three months before the September 11, 2001 terrorist
attacks in the United States.
Now a decidedly sour mood overhangs the hoopla, reflecting the doldrums（停滯）
of the global economy and a civil aviation industry battered（重擊） by rising
terrorism, the Iraq war and the SARS virus epidemic.
Participation has been scaled back（減少） significantly, organizers admit,
but "there are enough military planes to guarantee a great
spectacle," the show's commissioner-general Yves Bonnet has promised.
But for the first time, this will not include US military planes in
aerial displays. Only one Russian military plane will be present, a Yak-130
trainer, as exhibitors decided not to risk bringing other aircraft for fear
they might be seized in a legal dispute with a Swiss company.
Business pickings seem slim. Few announcements of major business deals
and aircraft orders -- the stuff and trade of air shows -- were expected.
Low-cost airlines, which have thrived despite the current crisis in the sector,
may have been able to give the show some commercial buzz. But "they've
already filled up" with new planes, said one analyst.
That leaves the young airlines in the Gulf, which despite the impact of
the Iraq war on regional traffic have remained cash-rich and are still growing.
They could see in the current weak prices of new aircraft a chance to expand or
modernize their fleets at an attractive cost.
Airlines from this region are expected to announce the biggest
contracts at the show: notably a split order by Emirates Airlines for Airbus
and Boeing aircraft and the transformation into a firm order negotiations begun
by Qatar Airways for the purchase of two future superjumbo A380s by Airbus.
The US-French row over Iraq will be evident. In line with Washington's
warning that France would suffer the consequences of its opposition to the
US-led war in Iraq, the presence of US aeronautics makers will be reduced by 20
percent from the 2001 edition.
國際專題：巴黎航空展
策劃、編譯▓盧永山
巴黎航空展，協和號除役（AFP）
摘要
兩年舉行一次的第45屆巴黎航空展，6月15日在巴黎的雷布爾傑機場揭幕，受到美國的消極抵制（因美國不滿法國在第二次波灣戰爭中，率領反戰國家反對美國出兵伊拉克）、911後的恐怖攻擊陰影、世界經濟衰退及SARS的影響，參與航展的航太或軍火公司大幅減少，航空展的展出菜單也失色許多（例如，美國的戰鬥機首度不在巴黎的天空翱翔）。不過，服務於大西洋兩岸逾30年的超音速客機「協和號」，飛抵雷布傑爾機場進行除役，為冷清的航空展帶來些許溫馨。
美國的缺席，加上參與的航太或軍火公司大幅減少，使得現場的交易變得十分冷清。但好消息是，飽受戰火摧殘的中東地區，航空運輸的需求並未受到影響，反而持續成長。這些阿拉伯國家的航空公司也看準了，因全世界經濟不景氣，購機成本將大幅降低的機會，添構新機，以現代化自己的機隊。
原文
A slimmed-down（縮減規模） Paris Air Show opened to the world's media with a
tribute to the Concorde and the end of nearly 30 years of supersonic commercial
flight.
Little business news was expected during the show at Le Bourget airport
as the stricken aviation industry tries to ride out the turbulence of the
global economy.
BAE Systems, Europe's largest defense company, said it expected a
decision from the British defense ministry on its bid for a Hawk training jet
order at the end of the month.
"We turned in a value-for-money（物有所值） proposal that met all the
requirements," a spokesman for the British giant told AFX, AFP's financial
news subsidiary. He declined to say if or how the government had reacted to his
company's proposal for the contract, estimated to be worth one billion pounds
(1.4 billion euros, 1.7 billion dollars).
At the show's opening aerial display, President Jacques Chirac applauded
along with a sea of spectators as a sleek（光滑）, white Air France Concorde
touched down for the last time.
Air France has donated its top Concorde to Le Bourget's Air and Space
Museum after retiring its Concorde fleet in May. The F-BTSD holds the records
for the fastest round-the-world commercial flights, in 1992 westbound and in
1995 eastbound. British Airways, the only other airline flying Concordes, will decommission（除役）
its fleet in October.
Chirac inaugurated the 45th edition of the show, which was set to open
to the public Sunday and runs to June 22 at the airport north of Paris.
"We are very favorable to major development of the cooperation in the
aeronautic and space domain between Russia and Europe, and in particular
between Russia and France," Chirac said, while visiting the stand of the
Russian plane maker Sukhoi.
"It's a priority area" of Russian-EU cooperation, he said.
"In the space sector, we are very determined, the French and Germans in
particular, to do the maximum to develop our cooperation" with Russia.
"And I know that is also the thesis" of Russian President Vladimir
Putin, he added.
One hundred years after the Wright brothers' first flight, this biennial（兩年一次的）
show, which alternates（交替） with the Farnborough Air Show near London, reveals
the strains of a rough two years worldwide.
Gone are the giddy（令人眼花撩亂的） good times of the last, record-setting show
at Le Bourget, held only three months before the September 11, 2001 terrorist
attacks in the United States.
Now a decidedly sour mood overhangs the hoopla, reflecting the doldrums（停滯）
of the global economy and a civil aviation industry battered（重擊） by rising
terrorism, the Iraq war and the SARS virus epidemic.
Participation has been scaled back（減少） significantly, organizers admit,
but "there are enough military planes to guarantee a great
spectacle," the show's commissioner-general Yves Bonnet has promised.
But for the first time, this will not include US military planes in aerial
displays. Only one Russian military plane will be present, a Yak-130 trainer,
as exhibitors decided not to risk bringing other aircraft for fear they might
be seized in a legal dispute with a Swiss company.
Business pickings seem slim. Few announcements of major business deals
and aircraft orders -- the stuff and trade of air shows -- were expected.
Low-cost airlines, which have thrived despite the current crisis in the sector,
may have been able to give the show some commercial buzz. But "they've already
filled up" with new planes, said one analyst.
That leaves the young airlines in the Gulf, which despite the impact of
the Iraq war on regional traffic have remained cash-rich and are still growing.
They could see in the current weak prices of new aircraft a chance to expand or
modernize their fleets at an attractive cost.
Airlines from this region are expected to announce the biggest
contracts at the show: notably a split order by Emirates Airlines for Airbus
and Boeing aircraft and the transformation into a firm order negotiations begun
by Qatar Airways for the purchase of two future superjumbo A380s by Airbus.
The US-French row over Iraq will be evident. In line with Washington's
warning that France would suffer the consequences of its opposition to the
US-led war in Iraq, the presence of US aeronautics makers will be reduced by 20
percent from the 2001 edition.
◎橫越大西洋，小型航空公司稱道（Reuters）
摘要
今年4月10日，法國和英國航空公司同時宣布，由於經營成本節節高升，乘客愈來愈少，在不堪虧損的壓力下，由兩家公司共同研發經營、服務於大西洋兩岸逾30年的超音速客機「協和號」，將分別於5月31日（法航）和10月31日（英航）停飛。而「協和號」停飛之後所騰出的市場，成為各家航空公司覬覦的對象。
由於搭乘「協和號」或大型航空公司客機（如波音747或空中巴士300）的票價高，遭到恐怖攻擊的風險也不小，加上旅客候機和登機的時間過長，因此，一些小航空公司就提出另類的經營模式和服務項目。例如，NetJets
Europe就採取分散股權的經營模式，讓其他公司或個人可以出部分的錢購買飛機，每年給予他們一定時數的飛行服務。NetJets Europe提供的客機可搭載12至15人，因為機身小，無需在大都會的機場起降，因此，可節省旅客不少候機和登機的時間，成為許多重量級商務旅客的最愛。不過，大型航空公司表示，橫越大西洋是個漫長的旅程，搭乘小型客機會很不舒服，所以他們不擔心小航空公司會搶生意。
原文
Already missing the Concorde? A speedy replacement may soon be coming
to an airport near you.
Aircraft manufacturers say a number of leading airlines are looking at
introducing trans-Atlantic corporate jet services which, though slower than the
supersonic Concorde, would still slash（大幅減少）waiting times for rushed business
travelers.
Smaller companies like NetJets, a unit of Warren Buffett's Berkshire
Hathaway, are also pursuing passengers who used the sleek jet. They are
targeting smaller private airports outside of big cities such as London and New
York.
"The retiring of the Concorde has opened up a new market,"
said Noel Forgeard, Chief Executive of Toulouse-based jet maker Airbus in a
briefing at the Paris Air Show.
French airline Air France retired its fleet of Concordes at the end of
last month. British Airways, the only other carrier that flew them, will
definitively ground its Concorde fleet at the end of October.
NetJets Europe announced at the Paris Air Show this week that it would
start a new trans-Atlantic service near the end of this year under the slogan
"You flew Concorde -- Now it's time for an upgrade."
The company runs a fractional ownership business（分散股權） that allows
companies or individuals to buy part of a plane, giving them the right to fly
for a set number of hours per year.
It plans to fly 13 to 15-seat jets made by Gulfstream, a unit of
General Dynamics, between small private airports such as RAF Northolt outside
London and Teterboro in New Jersey.
"We think that if our clients can fill half the cabin, the flight
will be more cost effective, per passenger, than the Concorde was," said
NetJets executive Charles McLean.
Air France and British Airways announced in April that they would stop their
Concorde flights, pointing to the onerous（繁重的）operating costs of the fuel-guzzling（耗油）
jets and the dwindling（遞減） number of customers willing to pay sky-high prices
for tickets.
The average ticket price for a London to New York flight on Concorde is
about $6,980. For that money, passengers hurtled（疾馳） across the Atlantic at
twice the speed of sound, arriving in just over three hours.
Business jets such as Gulfstreams, much larger corporate jets（企業專機）made
by Airbus and Boeing or Falcons from France's Dassault Aviation take twice as long
to make the crossing.
But companies like NetJets and major airlines believe they can lure
former supersonic passengers with the promise of shorter waits at airports.
Until now, the main alternative for a Concorde passenger has been a
first or business class seat on the plane of a major airline.
Premium passengers may be rushed through lines faster than economy
flyers, but they still have to arrive hours before their flights and end up
sitting around in VIP lounges, sipping drinks before boarding.
Passengers traveling on a smaller business jet can arrive shortly
before departure, board rapidly and worry less about security threats.
"A growing number of companies think there are too many delays,
that too much time is wasted in airports," said Forgeard. "There is
interest among major airlines in launching a service that is tailored to the
business market."
The use of corporate jets by leading airlines is not unheard of.
German flag carrier Lufthansa provides transatlantic business flights
between Munich and Duesseldorf in Germany and Newark, New Jersey and Chicago in
the United States, using the aircraft and crew of Geneva-based PrivatAir.
Privatair uses much larger planes than NetJets plans to operate --
mainly 48 seat Boeing Business Jets.
British Airways has also studied the possibility of a business jet
service and Virgin Atlantic was close to using Gulfstreams on the London-New
York route before British Airways reintroduced Concorde in November 2001.
Airbus expects deliveries of Airbus Corporate Jets, which are converted
versions of the single-aisle（單一走道）A319, to more than double over the coming
years from the four seen last year.
But the plane maker's chief salesman believes the market has its
limitations.
"Most trans-Atlantic business travel will remain in wide-body
planes," John Leahy told Reuters. "There is a market for
single-aisles but I'm not sure it's as big as some people believe."
◎世界民用航空業的發展
飛機第一次成為實際使用的運輸工具，是在1909年7月25日，法國人路易．貝萊里奧駕著「十一號」單翼機，首次飛過英法海峽。
1914年1月1日，定期飛行航線首度出現。美國人帕西．范使禮以安東尼．贊紐斯為機師，在美國佛羅里達州的聖彼得堡（Saint Petersburg）與坦帕（Tampa）之間，開闢定期客運航線，兩地距離22公里，航線全部經過水域。
1927年5月20日，美國人林白單人駕機，自紐約橫越大西洋至巴黎，全程3,625哩，歷時33小時39分。
1928年，澳洲人查理士．史密夫駕駛一架福克單翼機，以83小時又38分的時間，從加州奧克蘭飛抵澳洲布里斯本，全程7600哩，分三段飛完。證明飛機可做長距離的越洋飛行。
1937年，美國的主要國際線航空公司「泛美航空」開始飛越太平洋的載客服務，1939年，該公司開始飛越大西洋的載客服務。
1939年德國人首先使用噴射引擎飛機。民航噴射機的製造應用，以英國最早， 1952年5月，海外航空公司首先用噴射客機開航南非線。
1950到1960年代間，由於噴射商用客機取代了螺旋槳飛機，使得兩地之間的距離更短，經營效益增加，1960年代後期，幾乎所有的大型航空公司都使用噴射式的客機。1970年廣體客機的出現，使空中旅行更為舒適。
1976年英法合作的超音速客機「協和號」開始載客服務，開創了以超音速飛機載客的新紀元。
受到SARS影響，今年不少畢業生都沒有畢業典禮、或是變成有點沒看頭的網路畢典。關於畢業典禮，您有沒有特別的回憶？特別的想法？特別的好點子辦畢業典禮？無論是曾在畢典後「算帳」、或是分手、報仇……歡迎您寫下難忘的畢業典禮與大家分享
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