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教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導
═══════════════════════《2003/07/04》═════
*****【本 期 內 容】
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教育專題 ◎ 國際專題：BBC與英國政府
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◎國際專題：BBC與英國政府
前言： 英國廣播協會（BBC）近來因為一篇報導，指責英國政府在伊拉克戰爭的情報檔案上動手腳，而與政府槓上。這不是BBC第一次與英國政府起衝突，而此次衝突也再次凸顯公共媒體與政府或政黨之間微妙的關係。
１．
英國廣播協會與工黨政府之間的紛爭 (Reuters)
全世界最老牌的公共媒體英國廣播協會（BBC），最近成為眾所指責的焦點。不僅英國執政的工黨政府痛批它拿了國家的經費，還幫敵人說話；連以色列政府也批評BBC的報導帶有反猶太色彩，下令政府官員不得接受BBC的採訪。
BBC和工黨政府之間的衝突起因於，BBC日前報導，英國首相布萊爾的辦公室，為了讓出兵伊拉克師出有名，曾對英國情報局提供、有關伊拉克大規模毀滅性武器的文件中動手腳。但英國首相府新聞主管坎貝爾指BBC說謊，並要求BBC道歉，坎貝爾還致函BBC，要求限時答覆問題。為了展現其獨立性，BBC新聞總監桑布魯克回應說，BBC的國防特派員是根據英國情報部門一個資深而且可信的消息來源報導新聞，因此不需要道歉，也不會理會最後期限。
BBC與英國政府的衝突，並不是第一次。在保首黨佘柒爾夫人擔任首相時，就從未掩飾對BBC的敵意，並指其立場偏向左派，更由於對BBC有關福克蘭戰爭的報導感到不滿，佘柒爾政府甚至主張要拍賣BBC。諷刺的是，在保守黨執政時代，極力確保BBC經費和獨立性的工黨，現在也想找BBC開刀了。BBC自伊拉克戰爭開打以來迄今，對布萊爾政府作為所做的「公正客觀」報導或評論，被布萊爾陣營恨得牙癢癢的，坎貝爾指責BBC只是這股不滿情緒的發洩
。BBC的總經理戴克日前也被保守黨黨揆海格請去，討論BBC新聞報導裡長久以來對保守黨的偏見。
新聞報導標綁公正客觀、不偏不倚的BBC，現在卻因此成為左、右派政黨攻擊的標靶。BBC之所以膽敢開攻左、右，在於凡事以公共責任或公共利益為最高優先的原則。然而，BBC雖然竭盡所能反抗政治干預，為其獨立性而力搏，政治力仍可藉由任命管理委員會或編列營運經費的過程而介入，這對不以營利為目標，收入主要靠收取執照費的BBC，勢必造成重大的影響。除了政治力的為難外，近年來由於商業媒體的競爭，BBC在經營管理和節目策略上也採取一些商業手法，亦遭至不少人的批評。
The BBC is no stranger to political spats（紛爭） but rarely has the
publicly funded broadcaster's independence been put to the test as now.
The British Broadcasting Corporation is under fierce political fire for
the very reporting that made its name across the globe just as it prepares for
a debate over its future.
Blasted in the past as a leftist elite and threatened with having its
funding withdrawn, the BBC is at the center of a vicious row over a report that
claimed Prime Minister Tony Blair's office "sexed up" a dossier（檔案）
on Iraqi weapons.
The Israeli government joined the attack this week, saying it had
severed all contacts with the corporation over what it said was biased coverage
in one of its programs.
The war of words comes as the BBC shapes up for a battle to renew its
"royal charter" and retain 2.5 billion pounds ($4.16 billion) in tax
revenue funding. It also stirs the debate over the broadcaster's
self-regulation.
The BBC is in a tough spot. It is both publicly funded and overseen by
a board of governors appointed by the state which has often meant that
governments have expected more loyalty from it than from its rivals.
But Auntie -- as the BBC is referred to for its prudish（規矩的） image --
has gone to great lengths in recent years to stress its independence from both
ends of the political spectrum.
Facing increased competition, the BBC has also had to become more commercial
in its approach, a move that some critics say has jarred（衝突） with its public
duty to broadcasting.
"The BBC is demonstrating its independence. With the charter
renewal coming up, some may have expected it to roll over in the row with the
government but it hasn't," said Jamie Cowling, a research fellow at the
Institute of Public Policy Research.
The latest row with the British government pits Blair's most trusted
adviser, communications chief Alastair Campbell, against a BBC defense
correspondent.
In what has become an unusually personal battle, Campbell has led his
attack on the BBC's journalistic standards, accusing the broadcaster of
reporting lies by breaking a sensational story about Iraq based on an anonymous
intelligence source.
The slanging match -- over claims the government exaggerated weapons claims
to make the case for war on Iraq -- has neatly deflected（偏離） attention from the
underlying issues of the war.
The BBC has been here before. Former prime minister Margaret Thatcher made
no secret of her ideological hostility toward it and a list of run-ins（爭吵）
included the 1982 Falklands war when the broadcaster was accused of undermining
the war effort.
Fond of deriding the "pinko"（稍微左傾的） BBC, Thatcher's rightist
government also toyed with the idea of privatization.
Despite the latest row, some contend that Blair's Labor government has
been the most supportive of the BBC for years, securing its funding and
maintaining its self-regulation.
Ironically, BBC Director General Greg Dyke faces the chairman of the
opposition Conservatives on Tuesday to discuss complaints of an anti-conservative
bias at the BBC.
２． BBC的簡介（BBC網站）
BBC之所以成為全世界公共媒體的模範，有其特殊的目標和價值，而達成這個目標和價值的管理組織和運作模式，更值得我們參考。
(1) BBC的目標
BBC成立的最大目標在於，提供多元、創意、公正、客觀、無商業色彩的節目和新聞，給英國社會各個階層的民眾，使他們成為有教養、無偏見的公民。
The BBC exists to enrich people's lives with great programmes and
services that inform, educate and entertain. Its vision is to be the most
creative, trusted organisation in the world.
It provides a wide range of distinctive programmes and services for
everyone, free of commercial interests and political bias. They include television,
radio, national, local, childrens', educational, language and other services
for key interest groups.
BBC services are hugely popular and used by over 90% of the UK
population every week.
The BBC also runs orchestras, actively develops new talent and supports
training and production skills for the British broadcasting, music, drama and
film industries.
The BBC is financed by a TV licence paid by households. It does not
have to serve the interests of advertisers, or produce a return for
shareholders. This means it can concentrate on providing high quality
programmes and services for everyone, many of which would not otherwise be
supported by subscription or advertising.
（2）BBC的價值
BBC意欲樹立的價值包括：獨立和不偏不倚的精神，隨時將閱聽人擺在心中，不以營利為目標，提供多元性節目等。
1. Trust is the foundation of the BBC: we are independent, impartial
and honest
2. Audiences are at the heart of everything we do
3. We take pride in delivering quality and value for money
4. Creativity is the lifeblood of our organization
5. We respect each other and celebrate our diversity so that everyone
can give their best
6. We are one BBC: great things happen when we work together
Twelve Governors regulate the BBC, upholding standards and defending it
from political and commercial pressures. They set its objectives and report on
its performance in their Annual Report to licence payers and Parliament.
（2）BBC的管理組織
BBC下設管理委員會，12名委員經內閣建議人選，最後由英國女皇任命（政黨因此有上下其手的管道），管理委員會主要的職掌在於設定目標、監督表現、確保公共責任、及任命BBC總經理和執委會成員等（見下表）。BBC的日常運作則由執行委員會負責，執委會下設16個部門，部門經理之上設總經理，總經理需向管理委員會負責。執委會的職掌包括，根據管理委員會提出的目標，設定執行策略等。
The BBC is run in the interests of its viewers and listeners. Twelve
governors act as trustees of the public interest and regulate the BBC. They are
appointed by the Queen on advice from ministers.
The BBC's governors safeguard its independence, set its objectives and
monitor its performance. They are accountable to its licence payers and
Parliament, and publish an Annual Report assessing the BBC's performance against
objectives.
Day-to-day BBC operations are run by 16 divisions. Their directors
report to the director-general, forming the Executive Committee. It answers to
the Board of Governors.
（表格）
執行委員會的職掌：
1. Proposing key objectives
2. Developing strategy and policy in light of the set objectives
3. Operating all services within the strategic and policy framework
------------------------------------
(表格)
管理委員會職掌
1. Setting key objectives
2. Approving strategy and policy
3. Monitoring performance and compliance, and reporting on both in the
Annual Report
4. Ensuring public accountability
5. Appointing the Director-General and other Executive Committee
members and determining their remuneration
-----------------
BBC governors differ from directors of public companies, whose primary
responsibilities are to shareholders and not consumers. BBC governors represent
the public interest, notably the interests of viewers and listeners.
The BBC is established under Royal Charter. The current Charter runs
until 2006. A separate Agreement, accompanying the Charter, recognises the
BBC's editorial independence and sets out its public obligations.
(4) 運作經費
BBC沒有播放廣告，因此運作經費主要靠收取執照費，彩色電視機執照費每年是116英鎊，黑白電視機是38至50英鎊，廣播節目則不收執照費。
英國民眾繳交電視機執照費後可享受的服務包括：
1. Eight BBC television channels
2. Ten BBC radio networks
3. More than fifty local BBC services
4. High-quality local and national news, debate, documentaries, live
music, original drama and entertainment
5. Childrens' programmes, educational and interactive services,
orchestras, concerts, minority language programmes, social action campaigns
6. Training and support for British production skills and talent in
music, drama, film, radio and television
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The BBC's public services are available to all, free of adverts and
independent of commercial or political interests. Other BBC services are not
financed by the licence fee, including World Service. Profits from separate
commercial activities keep the licence fee down.
The TV licence costs under ￡10 per month per household. This is about
32p each day, or around 12p for everyone in the UK. It is free if you are over
75, half-price if you are registered blind.
The annual colour TV licence currently costs ￡116. You can pay in instalments
if you prefer. A black and white TV licence is ￡38-50. There is no radio
licence.
Concessions apply if you are over 75 or registered blind, and other
regulations govern second homes, multiple occupancies, students or special
situations.
參考資料：
１．
英國廣播協會（BBC）網站，網址為：http://www.bbc.co.uk/info
２．
Charles Curran，" A Seamless Robe"，《統領BBC》，馮建三譯，遠流出版社