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| 教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2004-05-14》 |
| 本期內容 | |
| ◎ 國際專題 美國老想當大哥 | |
| 國際專題 美國老想當大哥 | |
| 策劃、編譯■賴明芝 | |
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要求北韓全面放棄核開發 解決北韓核武爭議的六方會談工作組第一次會議，於本月12日在北京如期舉行。日本、南韓、美國、北韓以及俄羅斯代表，將與北韓就各自的關切及要討論的問題充分交換意見。 美國國務院日前表示，美國不排除在這個星期舉行，也就是上述所說的六方會談中，與北韓就核武危機問題進行雙邊談判。北韓和美國都曾經說過，他們堅持的立場不會動搖，這使得有關如何符合北韓的安全需要，以交換北韓放棄未經證實和測試的核子武器計畫的談判陷入僵局達19個月。 這次會議舉行前，美國堅持的立場獲得日本與韓國政府一致的支持，堅持要求北韓最終全面放棄核開發的目標。這3個國家的代表也認為，有必要把北韓目前否認的濃縮鈾計畫，列入放棄核開發中。南韓政府表示，在北韓爭取到國際社會信任之前，將不容許她使用濃縮鈾計畫，而這點也是北韓於1994與美國達成日內瓦框架協議時，曾經同意過的。 根據外電消息，金正日日前訪問中國時曾說過，他同意凍結部份核設施，但他不會完全取消。對北韓而言，擁有核武，就好像是護身符一般的重要。北韓《勞動新聞》指出，六方會談是否能夠成功以及核問題是否得以解決，完全取決於美國的態度。言下之意，若美國沒得商量，北韓政府也沒什麼好說的了。 前天在北京舉行的這場會議，是北韓領導人金正日於4月間對北京進行少見的訪問後才同意參加的。事實上，有關北韓核僵局的六方會談，已分別於去年2月和8月在北京舉行過2次，但是都沒有取得什麼進展。 Envoys to six-party talks on ending the North Korean nuclear crisis met in the Chinese capital on Wednesday but analysts saw scant chance of a breakthrough with Pyongyang demanding rewards for freezing its atomic programs. Communist North Korea's state media blamed the United States for stoking nuclear tensions and preached solidarity with rival South Korea in typical bombast seen by analysts as a means to drive a wedge among Washington and its allies at the table. The United States, South Korea and Japan had agreed to discuss energy aid in the session, which also brought together North Korea, Russia and China, but only if the North pledged to give up its nuclear programs, South Korea's Yonhap news agency quoted Japanese sources as saying. Neither North Korea nor the United States, the two protagonists in the standoff, have shown any willingness to budge from their positions during the inaugural working-level talks that are intended to pave the way for higher-level meetings. North Korea wants compensation to give up its nuclear ambitions, with a deal for a freeze as a first step. The United States wants Pyongyang to agree first to complete, verifiable and irreversible dismantlement. Some analysts have said the administration of President Bush has no intention of making compromises before the November presidential election and that North Korea, sensing that, would stick to its guns. The six sides held a morning session and were to meet again at 2 p.m. (2 a.m. EDT), sources said. The talks are open-ended and expected to last for several days. TOUCH AND GO On Tuesday, both Washington and Pyongyang restated their deeply entrenched stands. North Korea demanded its "reward for freeze" proposal be taken up while the United States refused to offer the North rewards for meeting international obligations. On Wednesday, the North pressed its anti-U.S. attack and urged South Korea, defended by 37,000 U.S. troops and still technically at war with the communist North, to join it. "A touch-and-go tension in the true sense of the word is persisting in Korea due to the U.S. imperialists' reckless moves to start a war against the DPRK under the pretext of the nuclear issue," said Rodong Sinmun, the North's main daily newspaper. DPRK stands for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the North's official name. On Tuesday, host China said expectations from the talks should be reasonable, stressing that the various parties still differed over what the first step toward the abandonment of the North's nuclear programs should be. The nuclear crisis erupted in October 2002 when U.S. officials said communist North Korea had disclosed it was working on a secret program to enrich uranium for weapons in violation of an international agreement. Pyongyang, which denied the disclosure, then pulled out of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, expelled U.N. inspectors and took a plutonium plant out of mothballs. Rodger Baker, an analyst with U.S.-based intelligence unit Stratfor who tracks North Korea, said Pyongyang appeared far more willing to cut a deal than the United States. "I don't see the United States making some sort of effort to try to change things," he said. "I think the North Koreans are a little closer to some agreement." North Korea was unlikely to be ready, however, to scrap its programs. "They obviously never had and have no intention of completely removing all of their nuclear programs but they're looking to make some sort of accommodation," he said. 局勢亂 仍要制裁敘利亞？ 由於美軍被控虐囚的新聞不斷，同時又傳出駐紮在伊拉克的美籍包商遭到報復，被斬首示眾，最近的美國灰頭土臉得很。此間，美國白宮居然還是照原來的打算，對敘利亞實施制裁，其中包括凍結敘利亞在美國的某些資產，以及限制對敘利亞出口商品，其中包括武器。阿拉伯國家對此感到相當不可思議，認為美國怎麼會挑這樣糟糕的時機制裁敘利亞？ 埃及「金字塔政治和戰略研究中心」的穆罕默德?狺薩伊德表示：「美國既然目前在伊拉克碰到麻煩，就應該要試圖平息伊拉克週遭的回教國家。不管是誰統治敘利亞，不趁這個時候多糗美國幾下，嘲笑美國在伊拉克捅出的樓子，都是笨蛋。」 美國總統布希日前指責敘利亞「支持恐怖主義，繼續佔領黎巴嫩，追求大規模毀滅性武器及飛彈計畫，以及破壞美國和國際社會穩定與重建伊拉克的努力。」是的，在伊拉克的美軍虐囚事件愈演愈烈之際，美國聰明的話，應該要想辦法轉移國際的注意力，但是，利用制裁敘利亞來模糊焦點，未免也太火上加油了吧？這邏輯簡直說不過去，好像美國確實承認伊拉克重建問題出現狀況，但那和美國可沒關係，都是別的國家的錯！奇怪的是，錯的好像都是回教國家說！ 布希在日前公布的聲明中表示，敘利亞的行為「對美國國家安全、外交政策以及美國的經濟構成異乎尋常的威脅，因此宣布國家緊急狀態以對付這項威脅」。 敘利亞官方新聞社昨天引述總理歐特里（Mohammed Naji Otri）的話說，美國的禁運制裁對敘利亞毫無影響，但基於雙方的關係發展和合作，敘利亞仍希望華盛頓改變禁運決定，因為這項決定「不公平也不合理」。總理歐特里說，美國的禁運制裁對敘利亞毫無影響，此話不假，因為雙方經貿往來極少，去年僅約3億美元，因此美國對敘利亞的禁運制裁僅具象徵意義。 不過，這次的制裁內容中，並不包括民航飛機的零配件和網路資訊設備，根據了解，最主要的因素是，避免敘利亞民航飛機因缺乏零配件而失事，並有意讓敘利亞人民能夠藉網際網路繼續與外界接觸。 The United States, battling a prisoner abuse scandal and insurgency in Iraq, could not have chosen a worse time to slap new sanctions on Syria, Arabs said Wednesday. Many warned that the sanctions, welcomed only by Syria's arch-foe Israel, would fuel anger against America. "If they are having such trouble in Iraq, they should at least calm down Iraq's neighbors," said Mohamed al-Sayed Said of Egypt's al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies. "Whoever is ruling Syria would be foolish not to try harder to embarrass the Americans in Iraq. Anyone seeing his regime so severely undermined and humiliated would have no option but to try and spoil it for the Americans in Iraq." Labeling Syria "an unusual and extraordinary threat," President Bush Tuesday signed an order imposing sanctions long in the pipeline on Damascus for backing anti-Israeli groups and allowing anti-American insurgents to cross the Syrian border into Iraq. Damascus has repeatedly said the sanctions would only harm the handful of American firms in Syria and would not persuade it to end backing for groups it defends as legitimate resistance. Many Arabs said the widely expected move was the latest in a series of Middle East policy mistakes driven by Washington's blind bias toward Israel, the only country in the region to welcome the sanctions. "This is an important decision that proves, once again, the resolve of the United States to wage all-out war -- not just against terrorist groups, but also against the countries that harbor them," the Israeli foreign ministry said in a statement. But Lebanon's Hizbollah guerrilla group called the sanctions a "big badge of honor" for Syria if they sought to punish its backer for resisting Israeli occupation and American domination. NO EFFECT The sanctions ban exports except for food and medicine, freeze assets of Syrians and Syrian entities suspected of links to terror or weapons of mass destruction and ban Syrian flights to and from the United States. Bush will consider further sanctions unless Damascus ends its support for anti-Israeli militant groups such as Hizbollah and the Islamist Palestinian Hamas, pulls its troops out of Lebanon, ends development of forbidden weapons and cooperates fully with U.S.-led efforts to stabilize Iraq. "(The sanctions) are only going to increase tension in the region, and we have enough of that," Kuwaiti Islamist parliamentarian Nasser al-Sane told Reuters. "Because Syria is an Arab country there's going to be an Arab reaction sympathetic to Syria, because its a member of the Arab family this is only going to increase the conflict." Damascus, which bitterly opposed the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, has described the sanctions as "unjust and unwarranted." It says it has done its best to control the border but would still pursue a policy of "dialogue" with Washington. "When they say the Syrians should be more careful about the border, they forget to mention that they (the Americans) are on the other side. Why aren't they doing a better job?" an Arab League official said. "I don't think this is the right approach. The right approach is through dialogue, especially since they have recently indicated they have seen the Syrians cooperate." Lebanese President Emile Lahoud, whose country is under heavy political and military influence from Syria, said the sanctions were "wrong in both content and timing" and were further proof that Washington pandered to Israeli interests. "This decision poses the question of whether the series of mistakes the American administration is committing in the region will lead to more tensions, escalation and feelings of injustice on the Arab side," he said in a statement. Some dismissed the sanctions as little more than symbolic, given Washington's economic and political ties with Damascus. "The American pressure on Syria is a long-term plan and this is part of it," said Saudi political analyst Abdullah al-Otaibi. "U.S. image in the Middle East is already bad," said another Gulf analyst. "It just solidifies the Arab conviction that Israel is running the show in the Middle East." |
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