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══════════════════【立報】═══════════════════ |
| 教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2004-08-06》 |
| 本期內容 | |
| ◎ 國際專題：重建靠民主 不靠美國 | |
| 國際專題：重建靠民主 不靠美國 | |
| 策劃■成怡夏 編譯■林仲辰 | |
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現年64歲的新任伊拉克教育部長穆德哈法，是前巴格達大學民選校長，擁有維吉尼亞大學生物化學工程博士學位。 穆德哈法表示，目前伊拉克教育部當局已擬定短程、中程、及長程的教育改革計畫。在戰事結束的6個月以來，新政府不斷地在從事重建學校，以及部門機關公共建設的工作（多數因戰已摧毀），海珊政權無理的政策與戰爭活動已使得伊拉克國內的人權與教育水準逐年衰退。不只註冊學生與出席率下降，教育硬體建設也被破壞地體無完膚。許多學校都面臨大量學生轉學的問題，全國約需要再增設4千至5千所學校才足夠。 當被問及美國政府協助重建之績效時，穆德哈法表示，美軍對於重建伊拉克的確幫了很多忙，但與新政權的溝通不良，無法與伊拉克教育部門有充分協調的合作，許多學校被「重建」了兩次，伊國教育部要求美方與新政權當局配合，但連美駐伊行政長官布雷默都告訴穆德哈法：「他們是軍方，我管不了……」要他們配合實在有所困難。在未來5個月，還須再重建5百所學校。 教育新聞網駐伊拉克記者克莉斯汀娜‧阿斯奎斯的報導中曾提到，伊拉克在戰後重建期間，其教育部門由美方監控一年，由此可見美國在伊國教育方面扮演重要角色，但穆德哈法卻不以為然地說：「美國扮演的不是什麼重要角色！美軍雖有參與重建部分校園，但他們與我方曾有過正式的協調或溝通嗎？不，從來沒有！CPA聯軍臨時權力機構（Coalition Provisional Authority ）也已經不存在，我不知道要跟誰配合。」 他同時也表示：「我是一個非常開放的人，除了美國以外，我也希望與其他歐洲國家、非政府組織、聯合國教育科學文化組織（UNESCO）合作。」 對於美國方面的協助，穆德哈法期望他們在未來能多引進新科學技術給伊拉克學生，並且增設科學實驗室等硬體設施。 伊拉克重建後的學校，其老師是否能夠教導學生「民主」，而學生能否體會「民主」這種西方價值觀，其中存在著相當大的問題。穆德哈法表示：「我相信民主在未來的伊拉克將扮演極重要的角色，因為它是人們學習民主政治、人權概念的必備條件。」 而對於未來民主教育的規劃，穆德哈法表示，教導伊拉克學童民主是非常困難的任務，而要人民力行民主也不是易事一件。伊拉克的復興黨執政了35年，每個人思考模式多多少少帶有一點海珊的色彩，要把海珊這個惡魔從他們的心靈中抹去絕不容易。西方世界的人一天可看160份報紙，這就是「民主」的寫照，要應用它在伊拉克人民身上需要花更多的時間。 老師要教導學生一個從來不曾聽過或有過的新觀念，更別提這些學生已保有根深蒂固的舊觀念。就像一個老師帶了一本新書到教室，要全班同學閱讀並且發表感想，最後將聽到每個人的答案將不會一模一樣。再舉一例，假設今天我們要學生一同慶祝海珊的生日，老師詢問學生的意見，有些人說「好」，有些人會說「不好」，在過去，每一個人都得說「好」，因為那是他們的「義務」，現在可以說「好」或「不好」，沒有人可以限制任何人，因為這是民主的「權利」。 而穆德哈法保證，過去伊拉克男女的平等受教權的，不因新政權而改變，他說：「做我們的宗教信仰裡，女性也擁有同等重要的地位，不只回教教義如此，伊拉克人也都保有同樣的觀念。」 在眾多伊拉克教師中仍有許多反美人士，美國記者詢問穆德哈法如何向伊拉克學生介紹美國這一個國家，他說：「他們不是反美份子，他們是反美『投機分子』。我告訴你一個很重要的觀念，許多伊拉克人預期布希在戰後會給他們許多援助，而出乎他們意料之外地，在戰後他們還是過著同樣的生活，每天受恐怖主義的威脅，生活毫無安全性可言，所以我說他們是反美投機分子，而不是真正的反美份子。伊拉克人是非常講究實際的民族，他們只期望過著平靜安穩的生活，交交朋友，他們很容易滿足的，這就是伊拉克。」 最後，穆德哈法對於他任教育部長一職發表一段話，他說：「每天我身邊總圍繞著一群人，保護我的安全，坐在辦公室裡隨時都會聽到爆炸聲，這種工作方式很不健康，但慢慢就習慣了。 我住在這裡好幾年，當了37年的教授，我們也習慣了當我們居住且熱愛的國家總是發生問題，我們無法改變國家。無論是哪一種社會體制，教育都是重要的，我們要做的是把學生帶回教室，漸少輟學，增加勞工市場的需求，避免政治影響教育，促進人權與言論自由，以及確保國家主權，要實現這些，只有仰賴教育。 實現民主體制並非容易之事，你不能光只會高喊『我要民主！』。學習民主政治的選舉制度不是一天兩天的學習就能實現的，候選人會遇到其他的候選人，他們又該如何處理？恐怖攻擊？還是選票？時間是面臨選擇的靈藥，而對伊拉克而言時間才剛開始，我們現在需要的是其他國家組織的援助。」 Special Middle-East Correspondent for EducationNews.orgChristina Asquith I recently sat down with Iraq's new Minister of Education, Dr. Sami Al Mudhaffar to talk about education reform, terrorism and teaching democracy. Dr. Mudhaffar, 64, is the former democratically-elected president of Baghdad University. He received a Ph.D. in biochemistry from Virginia Tech. We met in his heavily guarded ministry in downtown Baghdad. So, tell me about your plans for education in Iraq? Ed Min: "We have short, medium and strategic plans for the future. In the next 6 months we are trying to build schools, improve the infrastructure of the ministry building (which was destroyed during the war.) The military adventures and irrational policies of the previous regime have resulted in the steady decline in all human services with education being the most affected. Enrollment declined. Attendance decreased and the physical infrastructure has deteriorated. Many schools have triple shifts of students. We need 4,000 to 5,000 more schools." What do you think of the work already done by US contractors? Ed Min: "The American army has done a good job, but not coordinated with the ministry so some schools have been reconstructed twice. We asked them to coordinate with the ministry but even Paul Bremer told me 'it's the military'. It's hard to have coordination with them. In the next 6 months we will build 500 schools." What role is the US playing now in education reform in Iraq? Ed Min: "Why do you concentrate on the US role? I don't mind. But, why?" Well, because I write for a US audience and the US was overseeing Iraq's ministry of education for more than a year. Ed Min: "The answer is no role. The army reformed some schools but regular coordination between us? No. There's no CPA now. I don't know who I'll coordinate with. We'll have to re-establish ties." Are you interested in coordinating with the US? Ed Min: "I'm a very open person. I'd like to coordinate with the US, Europe, ?NGOs, Unesco." What can the US do to help? Ed Min: "They can help us in getting new technology in our schools, new laboratories and building the future." Can you do anything about it? Ed Min: "Of course. I don't want anything to interfere with schools. They should be independent and nonpolitical. I can do a lot. This happens everywhere, in the US too. If any new president comes in power he brings all his followers. It's the same thing. 『 Can schools play a role in helping Iraq become a democratic nation? Ed Min: "I hope it will play a great role because that's where you teach students democracy, human rights. That's the idea." Any plans afoot to teach democracy? Ed Min: "Teaching democracy is a very difficult job and practicing democracy is not easy. I tell you something, in Iraq after 35 years of Baath Party rule and still everyone has a little Saddam in himself. Getting Saddam out of people is not easy and now you see 160 newspapers. That's democracy. But applying and practicing it requires time." When you teach students repeatedly new things they haven't seen before the student has different ideas. If a teacher brings a new book to class and tells the student to read this book and then asks" 'what do you think?' The students will all have different ideas. I'll give you another example, Let's say we are going to celebrate Saddam's birthday in school, and the teacher says, 'what do students think?' and some students say 'yes' and some students say 'no'. In the past, everyone had to say yes, it was a job. Now, you can say no. They can say yes or no." Girls in Iraq have traditionally received an education equal to boys. Will that still be the case? Ed Min: 『Of course. We believe, in our religion, that women should share and important role. Islam believes in that and so do most Iraqis.』 Nowadays, many teachers I talk to are anti-American. How do you think students should be taught about America? Ed Min: "They are not anti-American. They are anti-American policy. These are two different things. I'll tell you something very important. Most Iraqis expected from the American president many things. They were shocked when they saw nothing has changed. So they became surprised. They suffer terrorism daily. There's no security. That's why they are anti-American policy. Not anti-American people. Iraq people are practical, modest, and pragmatic. He wants to live calmly, quietly and have friends. He loves to live, really. That's Iraq. What is your life like as education minister? What security measures must you take? Ed Min: "I'm always surrounded and guarded by so many people. I sit down and hear bombs and explosions daily. It's not the proper way of work but you get used to it. It's very strange that I don't know what will happen to me even this afternoon or tomorrow. Why don't know ask me 'why?' Why I do it." Why? Ed Min: "I have lived here for years and I've been a professor for 37 years and I got used to the daily problems and since we love our country we have to live in it. We can't change countries. Education is important. We have to put students in our class. Eliminate dropouts. Increase the needs to the labor market. Separate education from politics. Involve the community. Promote human rights and freedom of expression and national unity. All of this goes through education. Democracy is not an easy job. You can't say: 'Be democratic." Ok? They have elections coming and they have to know how to deal with it. The candidate will have to face another opponent. How will they do this? Time is the drug of choice. It's very early right now and we hope for help from the outside. |
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