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| 教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2004-08-13》 |
| 本期內容 | |
| ◎ 2004國際專題 搶救蘇丹黑人部落 | |
| 2004國際專題 搶救蘇丹黑人部落 | |
| 策劃、編譯■成怡夏 | |
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蘇丹西部的達佛，於過去16個月懷疑由蘇丹政府包庇的阿拉伯裔民兵，有計劃地向黑人部落進行種族淨化，對平民施以暴行，包括屠殺、集體強姦婦女和焚燒村莊。聯合國於今年7月30日，經安全理事會通過有關達佛地區人道危機的決議案，要求蘇丹政府在30天內，抑制阿拉伯民兵在達佛的暴行。這場種族的衝突早於2003年，叛軍開始攻擊在達佛的政府機關。他們指控蘇丹政府長期以來偏袒阿拉伯人，並且對於當地非洲黑人不公平待遇。在叛軍攻擊不久後，政府允許當地成立自衛的民兵，但是否認和這次人道危機有關阿拉伯民兵有任何的關連。 目前，雖然軍事行動已經減緩，但是難民的健康、食物、飲水的問題卻日益嚴重。每天因為疾病及飢荒所造成死亡人數，正在不斷的增加之中。國際非政府組織正在想辦法介入這樣的人道危機之中，但是蘇丹政府似乎不是很歡迎；雖然蘇丹政府宣稱，已經簡化一些行政程序，來幫助國際非政府組織提供人道援助給難民。 聯合國表示，蘇丹週二對達佛地區展開一項新的直昇機攻擊行動，阿拉伯民兵把矛頭指向想要逃離衝突的難民，使原本就已極糟的人道處境更加惡化。 在蘇丹首都喀土木，蘇丹政府官員沒有馬上回應這樣的評論。蘇丹駐英國大使哈森阿貝丁則告訴媒體，蘇丹政府正致力於解除阿拉伯民兵的敵意與武裝。 聯合國上週同意一項雙邊計劃下，蘇丹表示，將為難民建立安全地區，並停止軍隊與叛軍的軍事運作。儘管近來的保證，要協力終結這項聯合國宣稱世界上最嚴重的人道危機，聯合國表示，蘇丹政府透過限制空投飛機，導致救援人員的調度受到很大的延遲，來阻礙世界各國的關注。 聯合國也說，蘇丹政權同時也施壓身心受創的難民，回到並不安全的村落去。 聯合國評估發現死亡人數至少有5萬人，100萬人民流離失所，200萬人需要救援。美國國會稱之為暴力的種族屠殺，喀土木方面則在死亡人數上爭議，並否認對民兵的支持，稱這些叛軍為罪犯。但是在聯合國安全理事會表示將進行可能的管制威脅下，蘇丹政府表示，將嘗試讓阿拉伯民兵繳械。 大約100位非盟的保護部隊將前往達佛去紀錄勘查攻擊事件，荷蘭駐衣索比亞大使表示，荷蘭週六將空運補給154名盧安達部隊進駐達佛保護當地人民安全。奈及利亞的部隊也將在8月25日進駐。 非盟希望增加安全部隊的人數從360人到2000人，並擴展他們的任務到和平維護，不過這些遭到蘇丹政府的拒絕。 非盟表示，叛軍和喀土木同意8月23日於奈及利亞首都阿布賈進行和平談話，但是叛軍表示，他們並沒有接到正式邀請，且日期並不適當，雖然他們歡迎這場對話。 Sudan carried out fresh helicopter attacks in Darfur on Tuesday and worsened an already desperate humanitarian situation while Arab militia targeted refugees trying to escape the conflict, the United Nations said. In Khartoum, Sudanese officials were not immediately available for comment. Sudan's ambassador to Britain, Hassan Abdin, told Channel Four News his government was committed to disarming the Janjaweed militias. Under a joint plan agreed with the United Nations last week, Sudan said it would establish safe areas for the displaced and cease military operations by its troops and rebels there. Despite recent pledges to cooperate to end the humanitarian crisis the U.N. has called the worst in the world, the U.N. said the Sudanese government has hampered access to hungry Darfuris by restricting relief flights and causing "major delays" in deployment of aid workers. The world body also said Sudanese authorities were pressuring traumatized refugees to return to unsafe villages. The United Nations estimates the death toll to be at least 50,000, with 1 million people displaced and 2 million in need of aid. The U.S. Congress has called the violence genocide. Khartoum disputes the death toll and denies it supports the militias, which it calls outlaws. But under threat of possible sanctions it has said it will try to meet a U.N. Security Council demand that it disarm the Janjaweed. About 100 African Union (AU) monitors are deployed in Darfur to record and investigate attacks. The Dutch ambassador to Ethiopia said the Netherlands would begin to airlift 154 Rwandan troops into Darfur on Saturday to protect them. Nigerian troops could follow on Aug. 25, the ambassador said. The AU hopes to increase the proposed number of AU forces protecting the monitors from 360 to about 2,000 and extend their mandate to peacekeeping, which Sudan refuses. The African Union said rebels and Khartoum had agreed to peace talks in the Nigerian capital Abuja on Aug. 23, but the rebels said they had not received formal invitations and the date was unsuitable, although they welcomed the location. (Additional reporting by Andrew Cawthorne and Anna Atkinson in London, Opheera ?McDoom in Cairo, Katie Nguyen in Nairobi, Tsegaye Tadesse in Addis Ababa and Stephanie Nebehay in Geneva; Arshad Mohammed in Washington) 達佛難民營爆發疾病 在蘇丹希布達佛地區，聯合國醫療專家表示，E型肝炎已造成22人死亡。 一位在聯合國人口基金會工作的醫師海尼娜．達卡特告訴BBC記者，由於難民營的衛生條件不佳，疾病已快速蔓延。達卡特說，懷孕的婦女是感染的高危險群。 達卡特醫師表示，E型肝炎的爆發有惡化的趨勢，由於難民營的衛生條件實在太差，實在不夠標準，那兒的人們每天喝不到兩公升的水。 她形容這樣的狀況「告急」，並表示疾病的蔓延相當快速。 因此，國際捐贈者的金錢支援非常迫切，以提供解決難民營飲水問題和加氯消毒問題。她補充表示，跨越國境到查德情況也不好，那裡也有許多難民。 許多難民沒有適當的遮蔽物，因為連日豪雨，道路都被封閉了。因此，人道救援提供的物資都無法抵達最大的難民營布來德京。 在達佛的見證下 基督教救助總會緊急救助部門的主管尼克．瓜特曼，目前在西達佛乍林該安置逃難的難民的營區中。他說那裏每100人才有一間公共廁所，假如乍林該的環境衛生沒有做好，特別是雨季即將來臨，人們將會有嚴重的健康問題，因為衛生條件已不堪負荷。 問：有多少難民在乍林該？ 瓜德曼：鄰近乍林該城，有兩個主要營區，聚集了約5萬6千名難民，我們評估乍林該城本身大概也有1萬5千人以上。 問：在營區中的情況如何？ 瓜德曼：那兒很大、滿是灰塵，卻很少遮蔽日曬處，每天下午都會下傾盆大雨，到處一片泥濘。大部分的人民住在塑膠布下，非常狼狽。少數人打算用從泥砂做的磚頭蓋小屋子，屋頂則是用草搭的。人們現在從救助機構領取食物，但是公衛問題相當嚴重，每一百人只有一間共用廁所。 問：他們最迫切的需要是什麼？ 瓜德曼：公衛問題，特別是現在常下雨，若公衛問題不得紓解，人們將爆發嚴重的健康問題，這兒的公衛環境已超載。 問：是否大家已正視這個問題？ 瓜德曼：是的，蘇丹社會發展組織已經在每個營區興建了200個廁所，這很重要，他們盡一切努力蓋廁所。雖然在實務上很難把足夠的水泥和有能力的工人帶入這塊偏僻之地，但是重要的是，他們已經盡快處理了。 問：是否還有其他夥伴在工作？ 瓜德曼：是的，我拜訪蘇丹教會協會興建的健康診所，他們提供基本的健康服務的檢測，如胸腔感染、瘧疾和腹瀉等。 SCC也在營區蓋了臨時的學校，這些學校相當簡陋，只有木頭架構，鋪上塑膠布和草，但是卻是非常了不起的事。學校規模設計給300個孩童，卻有4,000名孩童來註冊！SCC將興建更多學校以滿足需求。 問：那兒孩子怎樣？ 瓜德曼：有很多孩子跑來跑去，大部分看起來有輕微的凌亂，但普遍來說還可以。但是有一些則嚴重營養不良，許多有一年來都沒有上學，非常想上學。 問：人們怎麼看待未來？ 瓜德曼：不幸地，沒什麼可令人感到前途樂觀的，即使安全條件已改善，他們始終害怕回家。每個人都告訴我他們想要和平。 問：你有沒有話要對基督教救助總會的支持者說？ 瓜德曼：人們過的如此悲慘，固然是因乾旱和洪水，更是因為人們不能善待彼此。我們必須提升蘇丹的和平。同時，我們的夥伴也極需你們的幫助，這樣他們才能持續改善營區的生活條件，並長期幫助這些人。 How many people are displaced in Zalingei? There are about 56,000 displaced people in the two main camps near Zelingei Town, and we estimate there about 15,000 more living in Zalingei Town itself. What is it like in the camps? They are large and dusty with very little shade from the sun. And then every afternoon the skies open, the rain comes pouring down and everything turns to mud. Most people are living under plastic sheeting, in very cramped conditions. A few have managed to build small houses with bricks made from sand and roofs made from grass. People are now receiving food from aid agencies, but sanitation is a huge problem - there is only one latrine for every 100 people. What is the most urgent need? Sanitation - especially now that the rains are here. If sanitation isn't addressed here in Zalingei people will develop severe health problems and the basic health care services will be overloaded. Are our ACT / Caritas partners addressing this? Yes, the Sudan Social Development Organisation (SUDO) has built 200 latrines in each camp. These are very important, and they desperately need to build more. It is logistically difficult to bring enough cement and skilled labour into this remote area, but it is vital and SUDO is working as fast as it can. Have you seen any other partner work? Yes. I visited the health clinic built by the Sudan Council of Churches (SCC), which is working very hard to provide basic health care for conditions such as chest infections, malaria and diarrhoea. SCC has also built one temporary school in each camp. They are very basic - made with wooden frames, grass and plastic - but they are doing a great job. They were designed for 300, but 4000 have registered! SCC will build more schools shortly to cope with the demand. How are the children? There are lots of children running around. Most look slightly dishevelled but generally okay. But some are severely malnourished. Some have missed up to a year of their education and are desperate to go back to school. How do people feel about the long-term future? Unfortunately, there is nothing to make people feel optimistic. Even though security has improved, they are still frightened to go home. Everyone told me they are desperate for peace. Do you have a message for Christian Aid supporters? People are not living like this because of drought or floods but because of man's inhumanity to man. We must do everything we can to promote peace in Sudan. In the meantime, our partners desperately need your help, so they can continue to improve living conditions in the camps and help people in the long term, when the time is finally right for them to go home. |
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