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教育專題 ◎ 2004-12-24
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教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2004-12-24》

本期內容
◎ 國際專題:你走開,別理我。
◎ 台灣立報徵文啟事



國際專題:你走開,別理我。
  策劃、編譯■成怡夏
為了孩子,家長走上法院

無畏於最近在加拿大高等法院的失利,自閉症兒童的家長與省政府的抗爭,將另闢另一條戰線。上個月,加拿大最高法院裁定,省政府不需要以公共衛生照顧計畫的名義,義務性地負擔自閉症孩童治療費用;但是安大略省的一群家長上週卻發動一場集體訴訟案(class-actionsuit),認為基於保障孩童就學的教育憲章,以及法律之下人人平等的權利憲章,省政府有義務提供自閉症兒童的教育費用。這是個全然不同角度切入的戰線,預期成功的可能性很高。

目前爭論中的是,政府政策決定,一旦自閉症孩童長到6歲,即就學年齡時,就會終止補助自閉症孩童密集治療的公共經費。事實上,自由黨政府花在自閉症兒童身上的經費是加倍了──從4千萬美元增加到8千萬美元。但是對於6歲以上的兒童,新增加的經費是用來雇用可以訓練校長、老師和助教的自閉症顧問及專家。政府並不在班級中提供許多家長認為自己孩子需要的一對一指導。

結果是,這些家長把孩子帶出學校,每年自掏腰包多花5萬美元,為孩子安排高品質的指導,這樣的指導可能在家裡,也可能在私立學校。

究竟出了什麼狀況?為什麼連續兩個不同的政府──之前是保守黨,另一個是被認為對孩童較友善的自由黨政府──都選擇把6歲當成一道涇渭分明的界線?最簡單的解釋是單純的財務狀況造成的。安大略省估計有一萬個自閉症兒童,如果政府要做好醫療與教育照顧,每年得花上政府上億的經費。不過,上週兒童暨青年事務部長瑪麗亞‧邦楚吉安妮在接受訪問時否認了經費問題是爭議的重點。她認為關鍵在於對如何照顧自閉症兒童出現哲學上的爭議。她說:「自閉症的治療愈早開始愈好。一旦孩子到了學齡期,他們要上學,就需要練習透過密集行為介入(Intensive Behaviour Intervention,簡稱IBI)所建立的技巧,以適應學校環境。我們認為一名治療師在學校環境中仍亦步亦趨地與孩子互動,這樣的情境不夠真實。」

邦楚吉安妮指出,現在有超過8千名自閉症孩童進入學校體系。但是很多自閉症孩童的家長發現公立學校的環境相當不友善,一名家長說自己的兒子整天關在一個地窖中;另有報告指出,他們的孩子通常因為行為問題遭到退學。

倫‧萊文,是位美國自閉症專家。他在2001年搬家到多倫多嘗試把「一流水準自閉症服務」引進學校。「我在每一步都遇到障礙,學校拒絕和我一起用有意義的方式工作,通常還是習慣把治療和教育做武斷的區分。」他說:「在碰到學校的特殊教育問題時,特別是在教育自閉症學生時,安大略的水準和許多第三世界的國家非常相似。」不過,邦楚吉安妮相當堅定固執。她說:「我所知道的是,我已經用了最好的方式對付這項挑戰。」對她的回應,家長僅僅表示:法庭上見。

Undaunted by their recent loss at the Supreme Court of Canada, parents of autistic children are carrying their fight with the provincial government to another front.

The Supreme Court ruled last month that the provinces do not have an obligation to pay for treatment of autistic kids under public health care plans.

But a group of Ontario parents last week has launched a class-action suit claiming that the province is obliged to provide an education for autistic kids under both the Education Act, which guarantees access to public schools, and the Charter of Rights, which calls for equal treatment under the law.

It's a different line of attack and it may just succeed.

At issue is the government policy that cuts off public funding for intensive therapy for autistic children once they reach age 6, or school age.

When he was leader of the opposition, Dalton McGuinty called the age 6 cut-off "unfair and discriminatory" and promised to end it.

But now that he is Premier, the situation, as with so much in government, appears more complicated and the Liberal government has not exactly followed through on McGuinty's promise.

The Liberals have doubled spending on autism - from $40 million to $80 million. But for children age 6 and over, the new money will go toward hiring autism consultants whose job will be to train principals, teachers and educational assistants.

The government is not providing for the sort of one-on-one intervention in the classroom that many parents believe their children need.

Hence, these parents have taken their kids out of the schools and are paying more than $50,000 a year out of their own pockets for such instruction, either at home or in a private school.

What is going on here? Why have two successive governments - one Conservative, the other a supposedly more child-friendly Liberal regime - chosen to draw the line at age 6?

The easy assumption is that this is a purely financial issue. With an estimated 10,000 autistic kids in the province, it would cost the government hundreds of millions of dollars to provide intensive treatment for them all.

But in an interview last week, Marie Bountrogianni, Minister of Children and Youth Services, denied that money is at the root of the dispute. Rather, she suggested it is a philosophical dispute over the best way to deal with autistic children.

Bountrogianni, herself a former school psychologist who is knowledgeable about autism, said she appointed an expert panel and asked it to recommend the best approach, regardless of the cost.

"Their advice to me was that definitely IBI therapy is excellent therapy for some children with autism, not for all," she said. "The earlier the better.

"And then, once they are at school, they need to practise the skills that they established with IBI, those that qualified for it, and then they can apply it to a school situation, because it's an unreal situation to have a therapist constantly interacting with you while you are in school."

Bountrogianni noted that there are more than 8,000 autistic kids in the public school system right now.

But many parents of autistic children find the public school environment hostile. One parent says her son was kept in a broom closet all day. Others report that their kids are often being suspended for behavioural problems.

Len Levin, an American autism expert, tells an interesting story. He moved to Toronto in 2001 to try to bring a "state-of-the-art autism service" into our schools.

"I encountered obstacles every step of the way," he says. "The schools refused to work with my agency in any meaningful way, using arbitrary arguments such as treatment vs. education.

"We were optimistic with the change in provincial government last year, only to be stonewalled just as badly once the Liberals took office."

Levin has moved back to the United States, which, he says, offers much better support for autistic children in the schools.

"I had had enough," he explains. "I love Canada and Ontario and have great respect for the diversity and commitment to social principles that one sees on a daily basis, but the reality is that Ontario is the equivalent of a Third World country when it comes to special education in the schools, especially when it comes to educating students with autism."

But Bountrogianni is adamant. "All I know is that this is what I was told was the best way to tackle this challenge," she said.

To which the parents are saying: See you in court.

早期發現自閉症的關鍵

多年以來,自閉症在2歲以前很少被注意到,其症狀往往被忙碌的父母忽略,或是太過於細微以致於連小兒科醫師都沒有辦法警覺到。根據聯邦數字顯示,在2002年,只有1/3接受治療的6歲自閉症兒童是在4歲之前被診斷出來的。但是在過去兩年中,許多事情出現了改變。在公眾意識覺醒和更多的證據顯示早期行為療癒可以改善孩子的機會下,科學家已經表示,愈早診斷出自閉症對孩子的治療愈好,漸漸地,愈來愈多的自閉症孩子是在兩歲之前被分辨出來。

就在短短幾年間,英國平均診斷出自閉症的年齡大致由43個月,到現在的38個月或是更小;正在進行的研究也敏銳地改變了早期偵測,讓醫生有機會在孩子兩歲以前就大致判斷出孩子是否有自閉症的傾向,甚至在嬰兒時期就可以分辨出來了。專家表示,在不同年齡開始治療,結果會不大相同,幾乎所有專家都同意,在4歲以前開始這種治療,對孩子的語言能力、社會發展以及智商可以產生最大的效果。

「醫療的介入應該在3歲以前進行,更不用說是4歲以前了。」康乃狄克大學心理系教授戴伯拉‧飛因博士這麼說:「過了一定的年齡,你仍舊可以教導自閉症兒童許多事情,改善他們被破壞的行為,但是你卻沒有辦法真正改變他們的發展路徑。」專家表示,現在他們的目標是增加偵測技術,好讓個案無法閃躲,以至於醫療介入的窗口變窄了。在華盛頓大學或是其他地方,研究者正在對18個月大的孩子──可以分辨症狀的最早時間點──做一項固定的實驗,許多專家都堅持這項實驗。這個時間點可以讓治療師在自閉症療癒機會喪失前,提早介入。

同時,也有愈來愈多熟練的診斷工具出現──透過偵測一個孩子對母親聲音產生的腦部及行為反應,或是基因以及生物圖譜的分析,就可以在嬰兒時期偵測出來。「其最終目標是在孩子一出生時就能分辨出這些孩子。」華盛頓大學自閉症中心的負責人道森博士表示:「直到最近,我們都無法判定自閉症最早期的症狀。但是在過去幾年中,研究已經可以做到在孩子12個月大時,就分辨其行為的異常。」他們透過鎖定自閉症高危險群希望加速研究進展,一般來說,每200個人中有一個自閉症,相較起來,有自閉症兄姊的孩子,每20個就有一個有自閉症。因此,研究者愈來愈把注意力放在有自閉症兒童的家庭中,對這些自閉症兒童的弟弟妹妹,從出生起就開始追蹤,在正常行為出現偏離軌道的情況時就能正確地發現。

在某些案例中,研究已出現突破的曙光。上個月,耶魯大學助理教授克琳博士發表的學步兒的自閉症報告中,一名叫海倫的孩子在15個月大時就被診斷出自閉症,她在12個月大時,語言能力開始惡化,且變得退縮,到了診所時,她幾乎對其他人一點興趣也沒有。她兩歲大的哥哥也是自閉兒。不過專家卻表示,雖然愈來愈多的孩子像海倫一樣受到注意,但是他們仍舊是特例。畢竟,大部分的孩子並不是受到專家、或是已經有一名自閉症孩子的父母的照料。

台灣自閉兒社福教育概況

【記者陳怡樺台北報導】對於上個月加拿大最高法院裁定,省政府將不需以公共衛生照顧計畫的名義,義務負擔自閉症孩童的治療費用,幕後主因卻是財政問題一事,桃園縣自閉症協進會創會理事長、田心國小教師陳炎輝表示,台灣距歐美照顧自閉症兒童的水準原本就已甚遠,經常取法歐美等國的台灣勿「見獵心喜」起而傚之。

對於加拿大的作法,陳炎輝也表示,政府補助永遠比不過親情的照護,把直接交給自閉症家庭運用的經費拿去培訓專門教師,以期有效地照護自閉症學童,此政策困難度極高,並不可行。

在台灣,特殊教育法和身心障礙者保護法公佈至今已逾20年,但執行落實仍舊不彰。陳炎輝說,由於身障法規的「排富條款」明顯,目前除了台北市可持身心障礙手冊依障度領取定時定額的補助外,其餘縣市受限中低收入戶家庭的規定,多數雙薪家庭幾乎完全沒有接受補助,培育自閉症兒童全靠自己。

以陳炎輝為例,他與妻子、桃園縣教師會理事長張麗玲擁有一個自閉症孩子,他們表示,目前除了北市各級學校設有資源班外,其餘縣市多數父母須千里迢迢親自送孩子到教學品質較好的私校就學,而特教生自高中畢業後,升學就業的管道受阻嚴重,尤其是心障兒,他們進入庇護工廠機會較身障生低,且自閉兒的被約束性弱,送入教養院多半是「隔離」的命運,時間一久,退化、不適應等現象日現。此外,張麗玲也提到,目前各校幾乎都未有專業醫療團隊提供服務,即使有也是每月兩小時,根本不符特教法精神。
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