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══════════════════【立報】═══════════════════ |
| 教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2004-12-31》 |
| 本期內容 | |
| ◎ 只要菁英 其餘免談 韓國教育部提出菁英學生發展計劃 | |
| ◎ 台灣立報徵文啟事 | |
| 只要菁英 其餘免談 韓國教育部提出菁英學生發展計劃 | |
| 策劃、編譯■成怡夏 | |
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為了國家整體發展與競爭力，教育部推出菁英留學計劃，增加高等教育人才與國際交流機會，學習國外最新科技。無獨有偶，據英文韓國時報報導，南韓也剛推出菁英學生發展計劃，但鎖定在義務教育階段學童。 菁英教育的實施，最徹底的首推同屬華人社會的新加坡。新加坡從小學就開始有分流教育，希望在次的篩選之中，把最菁英的人才過濾出來，由國家全力培養，為國家服務。這也是新加坡公務員平均素質高的原因之一。 韓國這次推出的菁英學生發展計劃，也在韓國境內引發不少的討論。這計劃預計在2010年之前，培養40萬名菁英學生，約為小學到中學學生總數的5％。據指出，約有1％、或8萬名學生將在特殊學校或機構受教育。4％（32萬）學生將在一般學校受教，但可修習不同階段的課程、密集課程或進階分班制度。目前接受菁英教育的比例僅為0.3％。 為了實行這個計劃，韓國教育人力資源部成立兩個特別學校與58個機構，特別為這些天才學生量身訂做。 南韓政府提出該政策，主要是因為長久以來，無法在現代教育制度底下提供給天才型學生較好的教育環境，因為以往一直強調的是標準化教育與機會均等。南韓副總理兼教育人力資源部長官安秉永指出，培養有創造力的人力資源，是未來國家發展的關鍵。因此除了每年將投入經費發展出12份菁英方案的教材外，在2010年之前，也將投入1千8百多萬美金落實這個政策。 韓國教育部表示，未來學生可依其個別能力，轉上不同階段的主科課程，不必要受限於年齡。此外，他們也將採用「進階分班系統」，可把學生在中學修習的學分累計到大學去。第一個實驗計劃將在2005年實施，初步鎖定科學課程重點中學，2006年再擴充到一般中學。政府將培養6千位教師教導這些聰明的學生，讓他們可以跳級或早點畢業。 顧及家境清寒學生的權益，韓國政府也計劃提出一個特殊專案，讓中下階層學生有更多的機會進入菁英教育的體系之中。南韓政府正計劃成立一個以上的科學學校以及兩個以上的藝術資訊學校。此外，也將成立超過58所特殊學生，為天才學生的學習，也為國家的發展作準備。目前菁英教育科目僅鎖定於數理領域，但未來將延伸到藝術、美學、語言及寫作等。 （資料來源╱韓國時報The Korea Times） The Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development on Wednesday announced a plan to provide elite education for about 400,000 students, or 5 percent of the total students from elementary to middle and high schools by 2010. Among the beneficiaries of the elite education policy, 1 percent or 80,000 will be educated at specialized schools and other institutions exclusively for the gifted. The remaining 4 percent or 320,000 will receive elite education at ordinary schools by taking advantage of different levels of classes, intensive courses and the advanced placement system. Currently, the number of beneficiaries of elite education stands at only 25,000 or 0.3 percent of all students. To implement the plan, the ministry will set up two more specialized schools and 58 institutions specially designed for gifted students. The new policy came as the government has long come under criticism for failing to provide higher level education to talented students under the current system, which focuses on standardized education and equal opportunities. I hope we will succeed in cultivating creative human resources, which are pivotal to national development, by smoothly implementing the new elite education policy,'' said Education Minister Ahn Byung-young. He said the ministry will invest 208.7 billion won ($18.86 million) for the implementation of the policies by 2010, while developing 12 teaching materials for elite education programs every year. The ministry will allow students to attend different levels of classes of major subjects at half of the nation's middle and high schools in a move to bridge the scholastic performance gap by 2007. Besides these measures, the ministry will also adopt a advanced placement system'' which will recognize credits .gained by high school students as college credits. The pilot program will be launched at high schools specializing science in 2005 and then expanded to other high schools in 2006. The government will also cultivate 6,000 teachers to teach gifted students, while allowing brilliant students to jump to a higher grade and graduate earlier. It plans to work out special education programs for smart students of underprivileged families so that they can have better educational opportunities. The government is planning to establish one more science school and two more art and information schools for talented children. It will build 58 more specialized schools for bright students to raise the number of such schools from the current 192 to 250 by 2010. A ministry official said the current elite education program focuses on such subjects as math and science. But he said the subjects will be diversified to include art, athletics, language and writing. 被創造出來的天才兒童 一份台灣的研究報告指出，許多跳級的「資優生」其實是父母硬逼出來；也就是說，天才是被創造出來的。韓國政府在耶誕節前夕提出的菁英發展計劃，遭致民間的最大批評也在此：父母將無所不用其極地把孩子推到資優教育的行列，縱然他們的小孩並非天才。 為了個人天賦的發展與國家的進步，沒有人會反駁資優教育的重要性。然而，資優教育應是正常教育體制之外，用來滿足特別優良學生的制度。因此，這數目應愈低愈好，以捍衛特殊教育教師的品質，也避免一般學生及家長的反彈。 然而，韓國政府卻完全忽略這些考量，反而計劃擴充資優教育的規模，從現在的0.3％到2010年的5％的中小學學生總數。韓國教育部長強調，儘管資優教育的擴充，現今教育體制將不受影響。 雖然現在預測新的資優教育如何發展還太早，現在卻已經招徠許多的批評。許多人擔心新的政策將危及到現行教育體制，因為家長對學童的過度熱心和反應令人不難想像，未來這些家長將漠視學生的能力，只想把自己的孩子送進資優教育之林。立即可見的情況是，家教業或補習班的發展如雨後春筍，這樣的發展就違反政府最初的努力。 政府必須要重新思考這計劃的可行性。此外，政府也要思考如何改進現行教育制度，以提高教學品質，特別是在中學階段。令人感到難過的是連國內許多的名校新鮮人都無法瞭解教授的上課內容，因為高中階段打下的基礎不夠深厚。另一個提高國內教育水準的方式是放手讓大學自己甄選學生。總之，資優教育及一般教育應同步平衡發展，以讓全民有公平的教育機會。 （資料來源／韓國時報） Nobody can dispute the necessity of providing elite education to gifted students to help develop their talents to a maximum extent, thus contributing to the nation's progress. However, elite education ought to be fostered as a means to complement general education, which is unable to meet the demands of extraordinary students. The number of students benefiting from elite education should also be kept as low as possible in order to safeguard the quality of privileged teaching and fend off resistance from other students and their parents. But these basic considerations are completely disregarded by the government policy to expand elite education as disclosed by the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development on Wednesday. Specifically, the government will provide elite education to 400,000 students, or 5 percent of the total in elementary and secondary schools, by 2010. The figure shows a geometric increase from the current 25,000 beneficiaries of elite education, accounting for a mere 0.3 percent of all primary and secondary school students. The ministry said that the current education system would be maintained intact despite the expansion of elite education. Even though it is too early to predict how the new elite education policy will fare, it has been generally greeted with negative opinions. Many people worry that the new policy will threaten the current general education system due to the notorious zeal of parents for their children's education. It is not hard to imagine that parents will use all means available to have their children receive elite education regardless of their ability. The immediate consequence will be an explosion in private tutoring, dealing a severe blow to the government's efforts to control it. Against this backdrop, the government needs to reconsider the plan to increase the number of students who will benefit from elite education. The government also needs to revise the present general education system in order to enhance the quality of teaching, especially in high schools. It is deplorable that a substantial number of freshmen at the nation's top colleges are unable to keep up with lectures because of a poor level of study in high school. One way to raise the nation's level of education would be to permit colleges to conduct their own exams for recruiting new students. All in all, general and elite education should be promoted in balance in order to provide equal opportunities to all. 韓國觀點：孔子學說與全球化概念也可並行不悖 相較於古老千年的孔孟學說，全球化強調的「競爭」概念，似乎更加貼近社會脈動與發展。事實上，孔孟學說與全球化概念也可併行不悖、彼此增益其價值。 韓國，一個曾為中華文化影響範疇的半島，事實上也是儒化最深的區域之一，深深影響南韓民眾的思考模式，及其外顯的食衣住行。許多韓國人對禮義廉恥的要求，甚至是許多華人望塵莫及。 這幾年來，全球化概念披靡。在全球化時代，無止境的競爭似乎成為今日社會的樣態。經濟上競爭的概念造成韓國內部價值的混亂。中西文化的拉扯，讓韓國學術界開始思考全球化與傳統儒家文化的關係，也直接造成一個新名詞的出現「儒家全球化」，強調無止境的競爭並非是必然的手段；儒家文化提供一個共榮的模式。 Rhee Pil-woo是韓國某大學的教授，也是韓國付稅者聯盟主席。他最近出了一本書《儒家全球化：走向一個融合市場的次序》。文中描述東北亞國家經濟與市場行為的特色——融合了西方個人主義自由選擇與東方孔孟標榜的美德，諸如善、仁慈及勇等。他認為東方儒家的看法可以減輕或解決全球化的紛擾。 就Rhee教授的定義，「融合」市場是讓買賣雙方都能立於不敗之地的最好方式。兩者都讓渡出部份的利益，也表現出對對方的關懷、同情與合作。這樣的情境最容易達成業務處理上的共識。在這樣的市場，參與者雙方不但在文化上可以融合，也互相關心彼此的生存與共榮。 這樣一個「融合市場」的次序是由同質的融合者（homo fusionists）組成的。「同質的融合者」是指能在市場不同的個人與群體之間增加和諧度。一個「同質的融合者」也要能依恃國家權力而行，個人權利的施展只是一部份。Rhee觀察到韓國人的經濟生活基本上就是來自於一種融合主義式的想法，可以形成一種力量，一種因為因不同觀點所生成的力量。 「融合市場」的次序可達到人道世界與共善的目標。在多元的世界中，個人的特質與能力造成全體社會的發展。 這種市場次序似乎是一種不真實的理想，因為就我們在經濟學課本被教導的一個概念是：市場的運作只奠基於自利行為。然而，作者認為，雖然上個世紀主要追求的目標是透過類似市場機制的經濟國家主義，來達成國家資產最大化；在21世紀，我們必須致力達成共榮的目標。（資料來源／韓國先驅報） In the present age of globalization, unlimited competition seems to be the order of the day. However, a Korean academic proposes that this does not necessarily have to be so. Rhee Pil-woo, professor emeritus of economics at Konkuk University and president of the Korean Taxpayers Union, argues in "Confucian Globalization: Toward a 'Fused-Market' Order" (Seoul: The Korean Taxpayers Union Press, 2004) that Confucianism offers a way for everyone to prosper together. The book, which is a by-product of Rhee's "Political Economy of Confucianism" (2001) published in Korean, focuses on explaining the characteristics of economic and market behavior that are prevalent in Northeast Asian countries such as Korea. "Fused"-market paradigm for Northeast Asian countries outlined by Rhee incorporates the ideas of free choice of the individual from the West and Confucian virtues such as "jen" (benevolence), or caring for others, as well as "jungyong," the phil Rhee hinges his hopes on the concept of "jungyong" which he believes will help resolve and mitigate possible conflicts arising from the driving forces of globalization. As defined by Rhee, "fused"-market is "situated in a position in which suppliers and demanders tend to yield their own interests to the counterpart, and demonstrate caring for others with commiseration and cooperation, likely leading to the mutual consensus on the conditions of transaction." In such a market, the participants are culturally fused and care for mutual survival as well as co-prosperity. A "fused-market" order, according to Rhee, consists of "homo fusionists" who must behave in a manner that increases harmony among the different individuals and groups in the market. A homo fusionist's personal achievement is seen to depend on state power, more than his individual power, "Great State Power, Great Benefit to the People." Rhee observes that the Korean approach to economic life is fundamentally based on the ideas contained in fusionism, which can potentially mobilize the forces that can bring harmony to conflicts caused by differing viewpoints. As proposed by Rhee, the "fused"-market order is organized toward the humanistic world as well as the goal of common good. Under a "fused-market" system, Rhee expects to realize a pluralistic world where the development of society is attributed to all members of the society, with their individual traits and capabilities. Rhee admits that this sort of market order may seem like an unrealistic ideal since the market functions based on the self-interest seeking actions of individuals, as is taught in most economic classes. However, the author concludes that while the main goal pursued in the last century was the maximization of national wealth through a mercantilism-like economic nationalism, in the 21st century, we must we must seek to achieve shared prosperity. |
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| 台灣立報徵文啟事 | |
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