══════════════════【立報】═══════════════════ |
教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2005-11-04》 |
本期內容 | |
◎不當下個伊拉克 敘利亞蘊釀反美情緒 | |
◎敘利亞與黎巴嫩歷史背景 | |
◎敘利亞可能與聯合國合作展開調查 | |
◎台灣立報徵文啟事 |
不當下個伊拉克 敘利亞蘊釀反美情緒 | |
策劃、編譯■成怡夏 | |
在敘利亞首都大馬士革的市中心豎立著一個巨大的講台,街道上裝飾著總統阿薩德的照片,以及敘利亞共和國和當權的阿拉伯民族社會復興黨的孿生旗幟。學校下課了,上千名孩童從鄰近區域乘坐校車進城,國營的行動電話公司敘利亞電信則催促他們到街上。 據洛杉磯時報報導,上週一,反美、反聯合國和反德國檢察官德特雷.梅里斯指稱前黎巴嫩總理哈里里是被敘利亞政治暗殺的集會遊行,在大馬士革街頭上演。電視螢幕將敘利亞人歡樂與彩色的臉龐傳送到全世界。 不過事情往往和看起來是不一樣的。敘利亞新聞台宣稱有一百萬名民眾加入遊行行列,較可靠的來源則指實際參與抗議的人不出一萬人,其中大部份還是被迫義務動員的學童。主要的演說預計在下午兩點開始,但是上午10時30分左右大部份的人潮都已散去。中午時分,廣場幾乎空無一人,旨甚下幾名狂熱人士舉標語牌呼著反美的口號。街頭上到處扔著由政府發行的旗幟。 這場人數根本不足取的集會,代表敘利亞當權的阿拉伯民族社會復興黨政權的嚴重挫敗,該政權既衰弱、腐敗又被孤立。許多敘利亞人被哈里里暗殺事件和隨後4月間敘利亞軍隊自黎巴嫩可恥的撤離感到憤怒。這裡的經濟在失去惡名昭彰的巨大財源──黎巴嫩,以及海珊政權下的伊拉克走私石油而來的稅收後,一蹶不振。 阿薩德在以民主改革者的身份掌權受到民眾擁戴後,違反自己所許下的政治承諾。私底下,全國民眾仍暗暗地希望政權會有所改變,以及敘利亞新紀元黎明的到來。 但讓我們頭腦清醒些:對於當前政權的不滿,不見得會轉化成為對西方的支持。事實上,在敘利亞,消息指出梅里斯的報導引起普遍的憤怒,被視為背後有某種政治運作。如所預期的一般,高階敘利亞官員與哈里里的暗殺有某種牽連,包括蕭卡特和阿薩德的妹婿都在內。在梅里斯筆下,敘利亞政府被描述為狹小、孤立並犯罪的。 不管對錯,敘利亞人認為這篇報導僅僅是美國對於發動戰爭合理化的辯護。在週一的遊行中,有一張海報上就畫著,卡通化的布希是腹語表演者,而梅里斯是他的傀儡。 大部分的敘利亞人被兩個都不吸引人的選項困住。「每個人都感到挫折。」大馬士革大學的一名學生表示:「我們討厭布希,但是我們也知道當權者是有罪的。」 最近,兩者之間的張力持續上揚。美國官員指責,恐怖份子被允許快速由敘利亞邊境進入伊拉克。上週二,布希表示,如果敘利亞不配合哈里里暗殺的調查行動,他不排除動武的可能。 把美伊戰爭視為美國對伊拉克徹底的侵略和謀殺,而非解放被壓迫的人民和民主進程手段的敘利亞人,決不想成為下一個伊拉克。遊行中最普遍的標語是:「我們不是伊拉克人!」和「美國走開!」敘利亞人想要改變,卻不想要被入侵。 許多分析家預測梅里斯的報導會導致國際制裁、孤立與美國主導的軍事干預。 |
|
(回目錄) |
敘利亞與黎巴嫩歷史背景 | |
策劃、編譯■成怡夏 | |
黎巴嫩早期的住民是腓尼基人,奧圖曼帝國時期劃分在大敘利亞地區,因此戰後儘管法國讓殖民地獨立成立黎巴嫩共和國,但幾十年來敘利亞都把黎巴嫩當成不可分割的一部份,不但對黎巴嫩有侵略野心,也在黎巴嫩境內培植親敘利亞的勢力,常以抗以色列為名,對主張獨立的黎巴嫩政權與人民進行暗殺恐怖活動。 前黎巴嫩總理哈里里因反對敘利亞長期介入黎巴嫩政治經濟以漸進控制黎巴嫩,今年2月14日被汽車炸彈暗殺,連幕僚共22人喪生,因此引起貝魯特大示威;而10月20日聯合國調查報告直指敘利亞高層即此暗殺事件的幕後主腦,透過通話紀錄顯示,黎巴嫩親敘利亞勢力與敘利亞高層介入暗殺哈里里。21日,布希對敘利亞施壓,反對以這種方式顛覆黎巴嫩政府或恐嚇黎巴嫩維護主權的決心。 數十年來,黎巴嫩一直是個地區和國際權力爭鬥的大舞台,各個阿拉伯國家、以色列和美國等相互競爭的勢力都插手該國事務。美國這回的舉動究竟是伸張正義,還是借力使力,明眼人一看即知。 也因此,美國此舉引來敘利亞民眾的兩面情緒。一方面,他們不想成為伊拉克第二,抗議以美國為首的國際社會藉由暗殺事件介入他們的內政;一方面,民眾也對當權者的腐敗不滿。在這兩難的局面下,敘利亞是否會對國際社會做出重大讓步,值得進一步觀察。 |
|
(回目錄) |
敘利亞可能與聯合國合作展開調查 | |
策劃、編譯■成怡夏 | |
Syria may cooperate in UN probe 摘要 儘管嚴厲批評聯合國的調查將會把敘利亞帶到國際制裁的邊緣,一名敘利亞政府高級法律顧問10月22日還是簽署合約,將與聯合國合作調查前黎巴嫩總理暗殺事件。 波士頓全球報報導,敘利亞政府法律顧問達奧迪接受訪問時指出,儘管如此,聯合國調查員不大可能有機會質詢敘利亞總統阿薩德,或是拘提涉案的高級情報官員。另外,達奧迪也對西方社會的施壓表示蔑視,他指出大馬士革願意提供更多管道供聯合國主要調查員調查,但是達奧迪還是列出幾項會與安理會「實質合作」項目作為準備。「我們已經準備好與梅里斯合作,但是他必須把證據和真相顯示給我們看。」達奧迪這麼說。 梅里斯先前在聯合國發表的報告指出,有「相同證據」顯示敘利亞和前敘利亞黎巴嫩情報官員,在2月間策謀卡車炸彈,謀害哈里里和他的22名隨行人員。在他上週二於安理會簡報後,梅里斯表示敘利亞開始阻撓他的調查,並不提供任何與攻擊相關資料給他。 不過由於聯合國的決議可能包括對敘利亞採取外交或經濟制裁,並要求將報告中的有重大嫌疑的高級官員拘留,達奧迪對於這種提議充滿憤怒,他說:「我們不可能僅僅因為梅里斯的要求,就將我國的安全情報高階官員下獄。如果要這麼做,必須拿出證據來。」 另一份呈交給獨立的聯合國報告安理會祕書長安南的報告,則批評敘利亞並未停止輸出武器,並允許巴勒斯坦跨越邊境進入黎巴嫩。在哈里里暗殺事件的壓力下,阿薩德政府開始自黎巴嫩撤軍,並抽離情報活動;然而軍隊走了,反以色列、親敘利亞的黎南反抗軍(什葉派)和敘利亞支持的巴勒斯坦團體仍十分活耀。 同時,黎巴嫩則在上週一名承包商遭殺害後,於接近敘利亞邊境巴勒斯坦兩個前哨站附近部署軍隊。 敘利亞當權自從哈里里遭暗殺後,來自國內和國際的壓力不斷升高。經濟制裁可能會阻礙最近才略有起色的經濟,並激起愈來愈懷疑自己領導人涉入暗殺事件的大眾之憤怒。 以埃及和沙烏地阿拉伯為首的阿拉伯世界,也逐漸對於大馬士革的支持降溫,並等待預計在12月15日出爐的哈里里暗殺偵查報告出爐。 「若最後報告證實敘利亞涉入暗殺,基於對美國反制的害怕,阿拉伯世界不會支持敘利亞。」敘利亞政治評論家麥克奇羅說:「美國正在談論改變中東地圖一事,所以各國都避免和華盛頓起衝突,假如敘利亞涉入案件,那就是阿薩德的末日了。」 阿薩德和他執政5年的政權並沒有跟著中東政局成長,在冷戰時期,他的父親哈飛茲阿薩德期間,敘利亞在美國戰略地位上相當重要。雖然在黎巴嫩的安全和以巴衝突上仍扮演重要角色,敘利亞卻在這幾年失去其影響力。分析家表示,這也是其錯估國際社會對哈里里遭暗殺反應的原因。 「該政權尚未理解在後敘利亞時代,世界如何看待他們。」一名不願具名的敘利亞分析家表示:「他們也對後911時代缺乏了解,他們的意識形態遲滯不變。」 原文 Facing the prospect of international sanctions, the Syrian government said yesterday that it might allow senior intelligence officials suspected in the assassination of for-mer Lebanese prime minister Rafiq Hariri to be questioned abroad, and it promised to cooperate, within limits, with the investigation. Analysts in Damascus said yesterday's moves signaled what may emerge as the shape of Syrian policy in the deci-sive weeks ahead: offering enough gestures to fend off in-ternational pressure, but no concessions that might imperil a government feeling besieged. At a news conference, Riyad Dawudi, a Foreign Min-istry adviser, provided the first public response by the gov-ernment, which was said to be caught off guard by the breadth of the UN inquiry. It came amid grumblings in the Syrian capital over the lack of forceful leadership during a crisis that has become the biggest test of Bashar Assad's five-year reign as presi-dent. ''We'll cooperate but we'll wait to see the limits and ele-ments of this cooperation," Dawudi said. He signaled the government might be willing to send se-nior officials abroad for questioning in the investigation. ''If there's a necessity, we will see according to the cir-cumstances that are going to be put before us," he said. ''If there is any demand coming from the commission, we will study, we will discuss with the commission and we might agree." The report by German prosecutor Detlev Mehlis stopped short of directly blaming Assad for the assassina-tion, but it contended that the Feb. 14 killing of Hariri and 22 others could not have happened without the approval of top Syrian security officials and Lebanese intelligence counterparts. The report names individuals from a cross section of the Syrian government -- civilian and military officials, politi-cians and intelligence figures, and officials from the Sunni Muslim majority and Assad's minority Alawite communi-ty. The report said Syria's foreign minister lied in a letter to investigators -- a charge that Dawudi denied -- and cited one witness as implicating Assad's powerful broth-er-in-law, Asef Shawkat, a member of the government's in-ner circle. Dawudi questioned the credibility of one of the report's named witnesses and said other testimony amounted to hearsay. He said the investigation relied on the accounts of Lebanese witnesses who were anti-Syrian, giving the re-port a political cast that will allow it be manipulated by Syria's foes, namely the United States and France. ''What is in the report are pure allegations," Dawudi said. ''Everything is based on a pre-sumption that the very pres-ence of the Syrian security ap-paratus and military forces in Lebanon and the impact Syria had in Lebanon at that time im-plies -- and this is an induction done in the report -- that this assassination plot could not have been carried out without the knowledge of the Syrian and Lebanese intelligence services. And this is just an allegation." The United States and France are expected to put resolutions critical of Syria before the UN Se-curity Council, which will meet Tuesday to discuss the Mehlis re-port. In a statement broadcast yesterday, Hariri's son, Saad, who heads the largest anti-Syrian bloc in Lebanon's Parlia-ment, repeated his faction's call for an international tri-bunal to try suspects in his father's killing. ''Reaching justice presents the Arab and international community with additional responsibilities that prompt us to urge them to continue all aspects of the investigation in the crime and refer it to an international court," he said from his home in Saudi Arabia in his first public reaction to the Mehlis's report. ''We do not seek revenge. We seek jus-tice." The Syrian government had reportedly expected a more favorable portrayal in Mehlis's inquiry because it allowed its officials to be interviewed. ''They were shocked, they were totally shocked by the content of the report," said Ibrahim Hamidi, journalist in Damascus for the leading pan-Arab newspaper Al Hayat. ''They expected Mehlis to at least mention they were coop-erating. Of course, they did not expect him to go this high, to leak all these names." Analysts in Damascus said the leadership appears divid-ed between two factions -- one urging more cooperation, sensing the depth of the crisis, and the other believing that the government can weather the turmoil and that any de-gree of cooperation probably will only bring more de-mands. Some in the Syrian capital have been struck by the gov-ernment's response so far. Assad has yet to comment on the report, perhaps out of fear of encouraging an atmosphere of crisis.The Boston Globe |
|
(回目錄) |
台灣立報徵文啟事 | |
本報誠徵閱讀經驗分享,歡迎教師、家長及學生分享經驗,題材包括如何推動學生閱讀、啟發學生閱讀興趣、學生閱讀心得或小書評,文長500~1500字皆可,投至fiveguys@ms19.hinet.net,凡經採用,敬奉薄酬。 |
|
(回目錄) |
參觀立報: |
http://www.lihpao.com |
寫信給小編e-mail: |
fiveguys@ms19.hinet.net |
立報地址: |
台北縣新店市光復路43號 |
欲詳完整內容請訂閱立報 電話:02-86676655 傳真:02-82191213 訂報:02-86676655轉214 地址:台北縣新店市復興路43號1樓 每週一至週六出報,每份10元 |