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教育專題 ◎ 2006-02-10
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教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2006-02-10》

本期內容
  ◎美國婦運祖師辭世 女性迷思更待後世解開 
  ◎親人朋友對傅瑞丹讚揚不已 
  ◎貝蒂‧傅瑞丹Betty Fridan 
  ◎台灣立報徵文啟事 



美國婦運祖師辭世 女性迷思更待後世解開
  蘇珊‧雅克比
Keep the 'Mystique' alive

摘要

為現代女性主義運動奠基的貝蒂‧傅瑞丹(Betty Friedan)4日在華府家中因心臟衰竭去世,享年85歲,當天正是她的生日。這位堪稱美國婦權運動祖師的殞落,無疑是女權運動歷史上重要的一頁。傅瑞丹曾在1963年發表《女性迷思》(The Feminine Mystique)一書,是美國戰後女性主義的先聲,復甦了當時社會認為已經消失殆盡或是不被需要的女性主義,該書其後引發的女性自覺與社會革命,也因此使傅瑞丹被尊稱為美國婦運之母。

雖然同工同酬、無性別差異的薪資等要求,現在看來很合理公平,但那些不分性別的徵才廣告、懷孕女性工作權、平等的專業學校入學標準、以及很更多其它現代理所當然的要求,在60年代,卻被視為女權運動者提出的充滿爭議性的激進要求。

年輕的讀者們也許會很訝異聽到這樣的事情。蘇珊‧雅克比(Susan Jacoby)就曾在洛杉磯時報中寫出自己的經歷:1965年,她才19歲,根本就還沒結婚生子,但為了在華盛頓郵報人事處那兒求得一個小記者的職位,必須在申請文書裡附上這樣的文章:現在她自己看都覺得詭異好笑,但文章的題目的確是「我將如何做個成功的職業母親」。

雅克比表示:「我總慶幸,在去華盛頓郵報面試之前拜讀過傅瑞丹的『女性迷思』。在那之前,我私心以為,外面那些女記者受到的不平等對待不會發生在我身上,她們必定是哪裡做錯了才會被卡在所謂的『社會階層』裡爬不上去。但若不是傅瑞丹在書中傳達的觀點,我一定早被當時面試主管的侮辱語氣嚇壞了,說不定會當場發飆,然後丟掉一個工作機會。幸虧我咬牙忍了過來。」她一邊寫著那篇莫名其妙的文章,一邊告訴自己:「我要成為一個可以改變所有對女性偏見和詆毀的女人!」

在傅瑞丹的葬禮上,她這輩子的好友阿米泰‧伊茲歐尼(Amitai Etzioni)透露,她任教的哥倫比亞大學社會系,在1962年前根本就沒有一位女教授能在那兒任職,她承認當時有幾名女學生修習哥倫比亞大學的課,但她們過得很辛苦,她們的存在不能讓太多人發現。

當社會對女性的許多歧視竟然是合法的,她們的日子是怎樣過的?許多年輕人都不知道答案,甚至不少40幾歲的成年人也不了解;就某些程度而言,他們的無知造成了現在女性在社會中的窘況。更嚴重的是,那些無知還會摧殘女權運動好不容易創下的先業,因為那些世代相傳的無知態度,只會讓錯誤的觀念一再地被重複傳習。

歷史上的確發生過那樣的事:第一波的美國女權運動原本關心的,不只是婦女同胞的投票權。經濟、教育、以及女性在宗教機構裡該有的平等都是女權先鋒揭竿起義要爭取的目標。1848年由路克瑞莎‧馬特(Lucretia Mott)和伊麗莎白‧凱迪‧斯坦頓(Elizabeth Cady Stanton)發起的塞內卡福爾斯感傷宣言與決議(Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions)就是當時轟烈一時的女權運動。當時最備受爭議的就是女性的宗教平等權,因為好幾個世紀以來,「女性注定次於男性」的概念一值是宗教宣揚的教義一部分。然而,事過境遷,雖然之後仍有激進的團體為女性發聲,大部分的焦點卻都只擺在女性的投票權上。

1892年,斯坦頓發表「女性的聖經」(The Woman's Bible),指出聖經文本充滿了大男人主義,質疑它對女性刻畫的適切性;雖然在當時造成大轟動,確同時也是個醜聞──由於她非正統的宗教觀點,斯坦頓從此被歷史除名,直到80年代新一代女性主義學者興起,她的著作才又被重新拿出來研究。71年後,傅瑞丹的「女性迷思」也同樣在女權運動史上寫下了具影響力、卻又富爭議性的一面。

富瑞丹是20世紀女性主義者的先鋒,她意在重建好幾個世紀以來的歷史、文化,清楚呈現女性一值以來被塑造成男性附屬的現象,並提出申明:「如果問題是大家的,那麼,答案就不該只有一個人去找。」

但傅瑞丹想傳達的訊息起先卻無法為大眾接受。1963年紐約時報的書評家露西‧費曼(Lucy Free-man)就曾批評她,因為這位女權運動者反對時下的女性雜誌。費曼表示:「一個關心國家及國際事務的女性愛看和那些主題有關的雜誌,妳制止她做什麼?套一句名言:『鑄下這個錯誤的是我們的文化,不是我們自己呀!』」

誰都不該丟棄過去的歷史。在許多女權運動的堡壘正被攻擊的當今,尤其是合法人工流產被強烈質疑的現在,我們更需要還原真相,重述女性的奮鬥史。社會對過去一再一再的遺忘,正是阻止女權伸張的元兇。好幾百萬的美國年輕人現在無法想像在1973年「羅伊對偉德案」(Roe vs. Wade)前,女性沒有墮胎選擇權的生活;要他們相信那段年代的存在,遠比要他們想像研究所明文寫著「女性不得申請入學」要難得多了。

現在,揭開社會對女性迷思的責任落到我們這代的身上,我們開始收穫先前革命烈士的辛苦耕耘,她們現在都七老八十了,而我們正年輕。為確保女權運動不再像19世紀時一樣凋零,我們有責保護它,讓它深植下個世代的意識中。

(來源/洛杉磯時報 編譯/侯美如)

原文

History is a terrible thing to waste. The recent obituar-ies for Betty Friedan, whose 1963 book, "The Femi-nine Mystique," revived an American feminism then thought to be extinct and unnecessary, were striking in their recognition of how much explanation is now re-quired about the world before the women's movement.

Newspapers had to remind their readers that equal pay for equal work, sex-blind help-wanted ads, the right of pregnant women to keep their jobs, nondis-criminatory admission standards for professional schools and many other matters of simple justice were considered not only controversial but radical proposals in the 1960s.

Younger readers were doubtless as incredulous at this news as my 23-year-old and 15-year-old nieces were when I recently told them about the essay I was required to write by the Washington Post's personnel department as part of my application for a reporting job in 1965. The topic, singularly inappropriate for a child-less 19-year-old, was, "How I Plan to Combine Moth-erhood with a Career."

On one level, the ignorance of the young and the not-so-young - many people in their 40s also know lit-tle about what life was like when most forms of dis-crimination against women were perfectly legal - is a measure of how much has been accomplished. But on a deeper level, this ignorance endangers many feminist gains because it raises the real possibility that future generations will have to reinvent the wheel.

It has happened before. The first wave of American feminism, which began in 1848 with the Seneca Falls convention under the leadership of Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, was concerned with much more than obtaining the vote for women. Economic e-quality, educational equality and - most controversial of all - equality in religious institutions that had long preached the divinely ordained inferiority of women were part of the first feminist platform. As the century wore on, though, the more radical voices were stilled and the movement concentrated solely on suffrage.

Stanton, whose "The Woman's Bible" created as much of a sensation and a scandal in 1892 as Friedan's book did 71 years later, was written out (literally) of the women's movement because of her unorthodox views on religion. Her name did not return to history until the 1980s, with the research of a new generation of femi-nist scholars.Friedan was the first 20th century feminist to restore the historical and cultural context lost for most of the century and to make the essential point that, if an entire group has a problem, the solution can never be purely personal.

I have always been grateful that I read "The Feminine Mystique" shortly before I went to Washington to interview with the Post. Before reading Friedan, I truly believed that barriers to women in journalism would not apply to me because all of those other women must have done something wrong to be stuck in what used to be called the "society section." Without the perspective provided by Friedan, I might have been surprised by the person-nel director's insulting demand, lost my temper and lost the chance at a job. As it was, I bit my tongue, wrote the essay and told myself that I would become one of the women who would challenge the prejudices that deni-grated all women.

Friedan's message about the cultural nature of wom-en's subordination was not well received initially. In the New York Times Book Review in 1963, Lucy Free-man scolded Friedan for criticizing women's maga-zines and asked, "What is to stop a woman who is inter-ested in national and international affairs from reading magazines that deal with those subjects? To paraphrase a famous line, 'The fault, dear Mrs. Friedan, is not in our culture, but in ourselves.' "

At Freidan's funeral in New York on Monday, her longtime friend, sociologist Amitai Etzioni, noted that his department at Columbia University did not have a single female professor in 1962. The few Barnard fe-male students admitted to Columbia classes, Etzioni acknowledged honestly, knew that they were there on sufferance and "knew that they should not be heard too often."

This entire history is in urgent need of retelling to-day, at a time when other legacies of the movement - most notably legal abortion - are under assault. Histori-cal amnesia, not the fundamentalist Christian right, is the true villain. Millions of young women and men to-day simply cannot imagine what life was like before Roe vs. Wade any more than they can imagine what it was like to be told "No Women Need Apply" at the door to gradu-ate-school classrooms.

The obligation to retell the truth belongs to my gen-eration, young enough to have reaped the benefits of the revolution begun by women now in their 70s and 80s. It is our moral duty to ensure that the history of our women's movement, unlike the history of 19th century feminism, does not perish from the consciousness of the next generation.

(http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/opinion/la-oe-jacoby7feb07,0,29079.story?coll=la-news-comment)
(回目錄)



親人朋友對傅瑞丹讚揚不已
  卡倫‧麥休斯
Friends, Family Eulogize Feminist Friedan

摘要

根據美聯社報導,2月6日星期一,有上百人參加貝蒂‧傅瑞丹的喪禮。傅瑞丹在4日於自己華盛頓家因充血性心臟衰竭辭世,那天正好是她的85歲大壽。

傅瑞丹在1963年以《女性迷思》一書掀起了女權運動的波瀾,並擁護當時的激進宣言,表示女性的成就不只在丈夫和孩子身上,女性應該追求屬於自己的個體認同。她在1966年和許多重要的女性共同創立了「全國女性組織」(NOW)。

曾和傅瑞丹並肩合作成立NOW的穆麗爾‧福克斯(Muriel Fox)受訪時說道:「我相信貝蒂‧傅瑞丹絕對是最有影響力的女人,不只是在20世紀,她的影響甚至能延續到下個千禧年。」她表示:「就像在史杜威夫人(Harriet Beecher Stowe)寫完《湯姆叔叔的小屋》後,美國就爆發了廢除奴隸制度運動;像卡森(Rachel Carson)以《寂靜的春天》一書開啟綠色和平運動一樣。貝蒂真的做到了。」

傅瑞丹23歲的孫子拉斐爾‧傅瑞丹(Raphael Friedan)在祖母的喪禮上回想:「她對我總是親切慈愛,也沒看過她斥責過誰。」他想起以前祖母帶他到古巴旅行,還讓他在長島的薩格港的夏日小屋大開派對。他稱讚說:「她正是我這種年紀的小夥子能要求的最酷的祖母了!」

當天許多人發表自己對傅瑞丹的追思,說她雖然是個慈愛的人,不過有時對自己的堅持,也會硬起心腸來。看來,不管作為女權運動的先驅、還是一位慈愛的母親、祖母,傅瑞丹都備受讚揚。而在曼哈頓的河濱紀念教堂舉行完所有儀式之後,女性主義之母傅瑞丹的遺體將會被送到薩格港長眠。(資料來源/衛報 編譯/侯美如)

原文

Betty Friedan was remembered Monday by hundreds of mourn-ers as a feminist trailblazer and loving mother and grand-mother.

"I truly believe that Betty Friedan was the most influential woman, not only of the 20th century but of the second millenni-um," said Muriel Fox, one of the co-founders with Friedan of the National Organization for Women.

Friedan died of congestive heart failure Saturday, her 85th birthday, at her Washington, D.C., home.

She sparked the feminist movement with the 1963 publication of "The Feminine Mystique," which championed the once-radi-cal assertion that women needed more than husbands and chil-dren to find fulfillment. She helped start NOW in 1966.

"It was as if Harriet Beecher Stowe, after writing 'Uncle Tom's Cabin,' had started the abolitionist movement. Or as if Rachel Carson had started Greenpeace. Betty did it," Fox said.

Several speakers remembered Friedan as a loving person who could also be feisty and difficult.

"She was always very sweet and loving to me but when it came to other people she just didn't take any (expletive) from anyone," her 23-year-old grandson, Raphael Friedan, said at the funeral."She was definitely the coolest grandmother that a young guy like me could ask for," he said.

He recalled how his grandmother took him on a trip to Cuba, and let him throw big parties at her summer house in Sag Harbor on Long Island.

Following the service at Riverside Memorial Chapel in Man-hattan, Friedan was to be buried in Sag Harbor.

(http://www.guardian.co.uk/uslatest/story/0,,-5598017,00.html)
(回目錄)



貝蒂‧傅瑞丹Betty Fridan
  策劃、編譯■成怡夏、侯美如
貝蒂‧傅瑞丹在1960年代美國女權運動中扮演了重要角色。在她1963年出版的暢銷書《女性迷思》(The Feminine Mystique)中,她明確簡潔地表達出女性「無法命名的問題」──即住在郊區的中產階級女性,因繁忙於家務而痛苦產生的悲哀、自我厭惡、神經官能症以及挫折感。她指責教育家、廣告業者、心理學家以及社會學家為驅使女性離開職場和公眾生活的罪魁禍首。結果,這本書獲得來自全球好幾袋的感謝信件,其傳遞的訊息造成國際性的衝擊。

美國女性在1963年就已經相當活躍:黑人與白人女性藉由公民權運動和社區政治活動組織動員。工會女性爭取同工同酬。當時的總統約翰‧甘迺迪任命勞工教育家以斯帖‧彼得森領導勞工部的婦女局,艾琳諾‧羅斯福則說服甘迺迪指派一個總統委員會專責提昇婦女地位。

1966年6月於華盛頓特區召開的第三屆提升女性地位委員會會議中,傅瑞丹遇到聯合汽車工會的桃樂西‧韓勒,和協助公民權立法起草的黑人律師寶麗‧莫瑞,她邀請她們到她旅館的房間聚會:那晚約有20名女性擠在那個房間內,主要都是些專家學者、行政管理階層和工會領袖。隔天午餐時傅瑞丹在紙餐巾上潦草地寫著「全國女性組織」(National Organization for Women)以及其縮寫「NOW」幾個字,一個新的組織誕生,其預算只有135美元。

傅瑞丹在1966年十月NOW第一次會議中被選為會長,在沒有組織者下,她身兼發言人、出版者和寫手數職,她謹慎地穿上鑲邊的短衫掌握新聞媒體,NOW的第一個目標是徵求打破性別隔離主義的廣告,NOW的會長把焦點維持在工作議題上:包括女性給薪產假、照顧小孩扣抵稅款、教育協助、就業訓練,以及如何避孕。NOW的宗旨完全以女性可能會受苦的項目為導向。

1967年一個完全不同的女性運動崛起,來自基層的女性解放團體受到公民權運動的啟發,她們的支持者要求社會與個人生活的根本改變,探討人工流產、強姦、女同性戀、性高潮、帝國主義以及福利議題。自此之後女性解放運動和焚燒胸罩運動成為媒體關注的孿生姐妹。

一開始傅瑞丹相當震驚,不過很快地在1969年她成為全國人工流產法案訴求的共同發起人。1970年代美國女性主義者有所斬獲,1970年紐約解放人工流產法,1973年最高法院則通過人工流產合法化。NOW開始集結老女性主義者共同向國會遊說通過性別平權法案,性別歧視的立法最後終於通過,並改變了大眾文化對於僵化的性別印象。到1977年激進的女性解放團體混亂無序,但是NOW仍舊把自己置放在核心位置,其1967的請願受到1977在休士頓舉辦的全國女性會議認可。

她被新聞媒體譽為女性主義之母,但是她的徒子徒孫卻不這麼以為然。蘇珊‧佛洛蒂就控訴她說「重踩那些並不是她所發起的運動」,傅瑞丹被此說法激怒,做了一些努力試圖重振自己在1960到1970年代建立起的名望,與塑造出的那個來自伊利諾州菲利亞、住在郊區的一位母親之女性迷思形象。

真實的貝蒂‧高登斯坦有趣多了。她出生在菲利亞,母親婚前是當地報紙女性版的編輯,父親來自俄羅斯從事珠寶生意的新移民。從就讀史密斯學院的學生時代起,貝蒂就相當激進。1942年畢業後,她受到美國勞工與黑人的戰鬥精神啟發,前往加州柏克萊大學繼續就讀研究所,之後搬到格林威治村。

在紐約,她一開始在工會發行報紙的新聞服務處工作,1945到1947間,她為左翼的聯合電子廣播電台和機械勞工周刊寫稿,反映職場的需求以及工會女性從事家務的不平,與她後來的工作不同的是,這些早期的新聞寫作挑戰了階級偏見和不平等等問題。她嫁給戲劇製片卡爾‧傅瑞丹,在1947年麥卡錫主義盛行、左翼觀點代表了放逐與迫害之際,她養育起三個孩子。

她仍舊維持對社會議題的熱中,她是個新聞工作者,她想出版,不過女性同工同酬卻不是一個好的賣點,最終說服了一位出版商對她的書下賭注,這就是《女性迷思》一書。
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