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教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2006-05-26》 |
本期內容 | |
◎國際專題:脫離塞爾維亞 蒙特內哥羅公投獨立 | |
◎另一個歐洲新國家的誕生 | |
◎吾思吾師 找回教師熱情與尊嚴徵文比賽 |
國際專題:脫離塞爾維亞 蒙特內哥羅公投獨立 | |
策劃、編譯■趙中麒、成怡夏 | |
隨著莊園斑駁的牆柱繼續的剝蝕,采帝涅(Cetinje)這個曾經是19世紀最奢華的皇宮與修道院,將是歐洲最古老,同時也是最迷你的首都。座落在黑山之中,環山群繞,彩帝涅是1萬4千人的家園,也是14個宏偉卻又斑駁的歐洲強權公使館的家園。這14個來自歐洲強權的公使館代表蒙特內哥羅(Montenegro)的全盛時期,格來德史東(Glad-stone)稱之為巴爾幹地區唯一的民主燈塔。「采帝涅是蒙特內哥羅的象徵,它代表這個地方的全部歷史。」采帝涅公民黨領導人賽鐸‧卡必索達(Cedo Kapisoda)在選前說:「星期天過後,我們就會在暌違90年後,再次成為獨立的國家。這個城鎮將會展現不一樣的風華。」 公民投票的結果成為南斯拉夫共和國的終章。第一次世界大戰結束後,南斯拉夫王國誕生,蒙特內哥羅被併入塞爾維亞。王國在二次世界大戰結束後崩潰,由共產南斯拉夫聯邦共和國取代。南斯拉夫聯邦共和國又因為1990年代駭人聽聞的大屠殺而壽終正寢。上世紀90年代發生在南斯拉夫的可怕屠殺,讓前南斯拉夫6個加盟共和國之一的蒙特內哥羅仍然受制於塞爾維亞。 這場讓蒙特內哥羅人感到極度不悅的聯姻,蒙特內哥羅人非常想與塞爾維亞離婚,期待從此脫離塞爾維亞的控制。經過努力,獨立的目標終於在本週達成。世界第193個國家已出現,布魯塞爾也會心不甘情不願地承認另一個巴爾幹迷你小國成為歐盟的會員國。 不過,這個新國家仍有其分裂危機。投票前,內部的緊張情勢一直在上升。蒙特內哥羅長期因為獨立與否的議題而分為綠白兩派:綠派贊成從塞爾維亞獨立出去,白派則贊成繼續留在塞爾維亞。如果采帝涅是贊成獨立的總部,亞得里亞海的避暑勝地賀西格諾維(Herceg Novi),則是支持統一的灘頭堡。 「住在大房子當然比住在小房子舒服得多。」一位賀西格諾維的醫生說:「大家都在擔心,也感到憂慮。大家怕塞爾維亞可能因此關閉邊界,讓孩子去貝爾格勒念大學,是很貴的。我贊成與塞爾維亞統一,我有的親戚都在貝爾格勒。」 比北愛爾蘭小,人口總數與愛丁堡差不多,蒙特內哥羅有層層相疊的山巒,以及美到讓人訝異的地中海海岸線。類似賀西格諾維的渡假勝地是塞爾維亞人最喜歡的遊憩地,許多塞爾維亞人在那兒有假日別墅。約2/3的蒙特內哥羅人是塞爾維亞裔。不像克羅埃西亞與斯洛凡尼亞在1990年由南斯拉夫獨立,或是柯索沃的阿爾巴尼亞人近日的獨立運動,都造成族裔之間的衝突,蒙特內哥羅人並不討厭塞爾維亞人。也不像俄羅斯與烏克蘭,對塞爾維亞人來說,他們總是用幽默或吹噓的方式看待蒙特內哥羅人,彼此就像兄弟一般。佛濟斯拉夫‧科斯涂尼加(Vojislav Kostu-nica)是塞爾維亞民族主義者,同時也是塞爾維亞總理,他就說:「塞爾維亞人深深地感激與尊重蒙特內哥羅人,他們是歷史上最偉大的民族英雄。」 即使如此,摩擦也一直存在。政府控制的蒙特內哥羅航空已經取消每週往返貝爾格勒三天的班次,塞爾維亞航空JAT則規劃更多班機往返蒙特內哥羅。為了讓蒙特內哥羅留在塞爾維亞,貝爾格勒官方提供住在塞爾維亞的蒙特內哥羅人免費火車票,以讓他們返鄉投下贊成統一的票。 「塞爾維亞希望跟蒙特內哥羅繼續在一個國家內,以誠實與兄弟般互相尊重的方式共同維持這個國家。」21歲的生物系學生玻席達‧隹鞚(Bozidar Drecun)表示:「不過,我們可能說同樣的語言,但我們不是兄弟。我們蒙特內哥羅人已經是成熟的公民了,我們知道我們要什麼,我們不要成為塞爾維亞的附屬品。」 獨立陣營以「為了我們所愛的蒙特內哥羅」作為口號。獨立陣營宣稱,獨立後,大家將有更多的工作機會、更富有、更好的發展、在聯合國擁有席次,以及成為歐洲聯盟會員。贊成與塞爾維亞統一者則擔憂蒙特內哥羅獨立後會變成小型黑手黨國家,多數蒙特內哥羅人在塞爾維亞有親戚,他們彼此的關係將會因為獨立而切斷。 蒙特內哥羅也有20%的阿爾巴尼亞人與斯拉夫穆斯林,他們多數贊成獨立。雖然蒙特內哥羅與塞爾維亞維持著鬆散的聯邦關係,但卻如同兩個獨立的國家般:雙方各有自己的政府與國會、不同的貨幣,以及不同的習俗。正式的獨立只是讓事實的獨立成為法理的獨立罷了。 此外,塞爾維亞一直不願意承認過去15年內戰所造成的災難,也拒絕引渡犯下種族屠殺罪刑的戰犯予國際法庭。蒙特內哥羅表示,「獨立」代表對塞爾維亞不願對歷史認錯的懲罰。 (參考來源/英國衛報) With its decaying art deco villas, ancient monastery and lavish 19th-century palace, Cetinje must be one of the oddest capitals in Europe. It certainly bids fair to be the smallest. Nestling in a bowl of greenery high up in the black mountains that give Montenegro its name, Cetinje is home to a mere 14,000 people as well as 14 splendidly de-composing "legations", embassies of the great powers from the old capital's fin-de-siecle heyday when Gladstone called Montenegro the only beacon of liberty in the Balkans. The British, Turks, Russians, French and the rest might be advised to dust down the deeds to their old 19th-cen-tury premises with a view to moving back in, because on Sunday Montenegro votes on whether to restore the in-dependence it last enjoyed under the royal Petrovic dy-nasty until 1918. Cetinje is gearing up for a revival of the grand old days when it was a capital of clashing imperial intrigue. "Cetinje is the symbol of Montenegro. It represents the entire history of the place," said Cedo Kapisoda, the head of the town's Citizens' party. "On Sunday we'll become a state again after 90 years and this town will be different." The referendum is the coda to the end of Yugoslavia. The kingdom of south Slavs born at the end of the first world war included Montenegro's incorporation into Serbia. The kingdom collapsed in the second world war, supplanted by a communist federation which was in turn killed off in the bloodbath of the 1990s. The wars of the 90s left Montenegro as the last of the six former republics of communist Yugoslavia still hitched to Serbia. Forced into an unhappy shotgun marriage with Serbia by the EU three years ago, Montenegro is now filing for divorce after a period of effective separation. The evidence indicates the secessionists will win: the world's 193rd state will emerge and Brussels will grudgingly have to recognise another Balkan micro-state clamouring to join the EU. But the republic is polarised. Tensions are rising before the vote, and the question is whether the secessionists' margin of victory will be big enough to meet the referen-dum terms dictated by Brussels. Winners may lose Under the referendum rules imposed by the office of Javier Solana, the EU foreign policy chief, at least half of voters have to turn out for the ballot to be valid, and inde-pendence needs to be supported by at least 55% to be ac-cepted by Brussels. It said the rules were needed to prevent a polarisation that could turn violent, but the lopsided terms mean that the independence camp could win by as much as 9% and still lose. "It's an outrage," said Mr Kapisoda. "A majority is a majority. If we win, we win." Montenegro has long been riven by a "green-white" divide, the greens favouring independence, the whites loyal to union with Serbia. If Cetinje is a separatist stronghold, the Adriatic beach resort of Herceg Novi over the mountains from the old capital is a unionist bastion. "It's much better living in a big house than a small house," said Zarko, a Herceg Novi doctor who declined to give his surname. "People are worried, nervous. The Serbs will close the border. It will be too expensive to send our kids to college in Belgrade. I'm for sticking together. All my relatives are in Belgrade." Smaller than Northern Ireland and with a population about the size of Edinburgh, Montenegro is a spectacular place of soaring mountains and stunning, if increasingly disfigured, Mediterranean coastline. Resorts such as Herceg Novi are a summer playground for Serbs; many have holiday homes here. A third of Montenegrins are Serbs. The prime minister and leader of the independence drive, Milo Djukanovic, has assured the Serbs that their properties are safe regardless of the outcome. Little brother Unlike the Croats and Slovenes who broke from Yu-goslavia in the 1990s, or the Albanians of Kosovo cur-rently negotiating independence, the Montenegrins are not anti-Serb. But most are fed up with a union that joins 600,000 Montenegrins to a Serbia of 8 million. Rather like Russia with Ukraine, Serbia views Montenegro in a pro-priatorial way, as a little brother to be humoured, bullied, and, when need be, flattered. Serbia's nationalist prime minister, Vojislav Kostunica, tried flattery this week. "Serbia deeply appreciates and respects Montenegro, the Montenegrin people, the great national heroes who marked its history," he said. But there has been friction. The government-con-trolled Montenegrin airline has cancelled flights to and from Belgrade for three days, while the Serbian carrier, JAT, has put bigger planes and more flights on from Serbia to Montenegro. Belgrade authorities are also offering free train tickets for Montenegrins in Serbia to go home to vote for the union and convoys of buses are also being or-ganised. "Serbia wants to live together with Montenegro in a joint state built on honest and brotherly respect," said Mr Kostunica. Bozidar Drecun, 21, a biology student, re-sponds: "We might speak the same language, but we're not brothers. We Montenegrins are now mature citizens and we know what we want. We don't want to be an adjunct of Serbia." The independence camp is campaigning "for the Montenegro we love", claiming to see in separation a panacea for just about everything: more jobs, more wealth, more development, a seat at the UN by September, and faster accession to the EU. The pro-Serbia unionist side is sowing fear: the vote will be rigged; independence will turn Montenegro into a small "mafia state"; there is barely a family in Montenegro without relatives in Serbia and they will be cut off. Balkan survivor The government and pro-independence camp controls 14 of Montenegro's 21 municipalities, a powerful lever in a tiny country where patronage and local loyalties play a strong role. Mr Djukanovic is also the canny survivor of Balkan politics. In power for 16 years, he has outlived all of his peers and rivals in former Yugoslavia and is still only 44 years old. The assumption among diplomats is that in the Balkans, such an incumbent does not stage a referendum and then lose it. The country is also home to a large 20% minority of Albanians and Slav Muslims who will vote for indepen-dence. And although Montenegro remains in a loose u-nion with Serbia, the arrangement does not work. Both parties have opposing governments and parliaments, dif-ferent currencies and customs regimes. A yes vote will merely formalise Montenegro's de facto independence, Mr Djukanovic says. Besides, Serbia remains in denial about the disasters of the past 15 years and in the international doghouse be-cause of its refusal to extradite major war crimes suspects for international trial. Montenegro, says the independence camp, is fed up with being lumped together with Serbia. In Cetinje, the old royal capital, they are putting out the red and gold flags of the Petrovic dynasty crested with a double-headed eagle, getting ready for a party. "We'll be celebrating here on Sunday night," said Zo-ran. "We've been with the Serbs for a 100 years. Enough is enough." |
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(回目錄) |
另一個歐洲新國家的誕生 | |
上週日晚上,波哥里卡(Podgorica)街頭上充滿歡樂煙火和宴會,蒙特內哥羅人正在為公民投票支持獨立贏得勝利慶祝。然而,歐洲其他地區的首都對此卻絕少有共鳴。 歐洲各國對亞得里亞海岸邊這個新國家即將誕生缺乏熱情,歐洲邊緣另一個巴爾幹小國的出現,讓他們感到不安,因為這提醒了歐盟,他們在阻止前南斯拉夫分裂上的失敗。「想到還要和一個新國家周旋,就讓他們感覺勉強。」國際危機團體歐洲計畫主任尼可拉斯‧懷提說。 做為脫離塞爾維亞5個巴爾幹國家中最後一個,蒙特內哥羅的選票也被視為科索沃獨立的前兆。「科索沃正在邁向獨立的路上。」科索沃總統賽迪歐(Fatmir Sejdiu)在對蒙特內哥羅傳達恭賀之意的訊息上這麼說道。蒙特內哥羅的官方初步決議支持獨立,這個極小而多山的巴爾幹國家有55.4%的選票支持獨立,剛好在歐盟界定新國家要求55%的大多數通過的邊緣。記者截稿時間時,尚有5%的選票在計算中(編按:最後公布的投票結果是55.5%贊成獨立)。 這樣的結果讓歐盟外交政策主席傑維爾‧索藍納不情不願的接受,「看起來程序似乎是有條有理的,我們必須恭喜每一個期待新國家成立的人。」他說:「我們完全尊重公投的結果。」 懷提表示,雖然歐盟總部所在地「布魯塞爾,支持蒙特內哥羅獨立的粉絲並不多」,部分原因是過多小型國家加入歐盟,每一個在法定政治上都和德國、法國和英國有同樣的份量,將會讓這個聯盟愈來愈難以管理。 投票結果的窄化也反映了這個在1918年加入塞爾維亞的國家──蒙特內哥羅深刻的分裂,甚至同一個家庭的成員對未來都有不同的觀點。 杜森和杜莎卡‧米羅希維克已經結婚34年,一起撫養了4個孩子,他們說著相同語言的類似方言,同時也是正統基督教徒。但是他們在週日用選票表達了他們的不同意見。 米羅希維克投票支持維持聯盟的存在,恐怕新國界會將她和她住在塞爾維亞的兄弟分開。然而,她的丈夫投票支持蒙特內哥羅走自己的路,就像政府提倡的那樣。「在邊界不會有像中國長城那樣的分界。」他說:「過去5、6年,蒙特內哥羅就已經在靠自己了,我們可以沒有塞爾維亞的幫助獨立生活,但是我們仍熱愛塞爾維亞。」他說。 布魯塞爾方面長久以來駁斥這種說法,主張蒙特內哥羅若和塞爾維亞形成雙頭馬車的局面,對於有朝一日成為歐盟的會員這回事會立足在較佳的機會上,比起成為一個只有65萬人的小型主權國家,除了因壯觀美麗的海岸線而起的觀光業外,只有少許經濟活動好得多。 然而,這樣的駁斥論述,在這個月稍早歐盟暫停和塞爾維亞和蒙特內哥羅在貿易和救助交易上的談判後──通往歐盟會員道路的第一步──失去了力量,因為五月一日貝爾格勒拒絕交出嫌疑戰犯姆拉迪奇(Ratko Mladic)給位在海牙國際法庭。 蒙特內哥羅總理朱卡諾維奇(Milo Djukanovic)週一表示,他希望儘快重新展開和歐盟的穩定暨準會協議,並在今年底之前做出結論。然而官員們承認,在這個新生國家誕生前他們還有很長的路要走──這裡長期以走私者的天堂,同時有懦弱的司法體系和政府組職而惡名昭彰──看起來就像一個現代的歐洲國家。 「國家地位是我們可以透過單一行動或決定來解決的事物,」外交部長米歐戴維格‧凡爾何維克說:「其他所有的問題,就像在巴爾幹的問題一般,需要持續、長期和專心致志嚴肅的努力。」 週日的投票雖然勢均力敵,事實上,這次投票只是讓自1990年代後期,蒙特內哥羅總理朱卡諾維奇和塞爾維亞領袖米洛捨維奇(Slobodan Milosevic)切斷關係後,既成情勢的發展具備法律地位而已。 蒙特內哥羅有自己的貨幣(使用歐元),自己更具改革導向的貿易和經濟政策,以及自己的衛兵巡邏和塞爾維亞的邊境。 在索藍納中介談判的努力下,於2003年作出的協議,試圖讓塞爾維亞和蒙特內哥羅維持一個統一國家的局面,而形成的共同議會未來也很難看到了。 波哥里卡的官員將7月13日──蒙特內哥羅1878年最初獨立的紀念日──設為他們發佈新的獨立宣言的非官方目標。不過,這個日期將會受到和貝爾格勒針對分裂本質談判的速度左右。 除了如資產、退休金權利和健康醫療等資源的分割之外,最棘手的議題可能會是過去是在塞爾維亞暨蒙特內哥羅聯合政府掌控下的軍事武器裝備分配問題。如果蒙特內哥羅達成獨立,塞爾維亞將會失去海岸線,也就不再需要海軍了。儘管公投的結果預料會激怒在貝爾格勒愈來愈具有勢力的塞爾維亞國族主義份子,歐盟官員仍希望官員關於分裂的物流運算能夠平順的進行。 然而不管怎麼來看,這次的後續作業應該會比起蒙特內哥羅姐妹共和國所經歷到的變革容易些。斯洛維尼亞共和國、克羅埃西亞共和國和波士尼亞都在1990年代透過戰爭脫離塞爾維亞,只有馬其頓是和平離開的。現在蒙特內哥羅的投票結束了前南斯拉夫歷史的最後一個篇章。 「我們尊重這個結果,我們希望每一個人都是這樣。」索藍納的發言人克麗絲汀娜‧加拉區這麼說。 |
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吾思吾師 找回教師熱情與尊嚴徵文比賽 | |
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