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══════════════════【立報】═══════════════════ |
| 教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2006-06-02》 |
| 本期內容 | |
| ◎國際專題：暴動延燒，喀布爾失守 | |
| ◎貧窮 毒品與挫折 | |
| ◎吾思吾師 找回教師熱情與尊嚴徵文比賽 | |
| 國際專題：暴動延燒，喀布爾失守 | |
| 策劃、編譯■唐澄暐、侯美如 | |
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上百民反美抗議者週一（29日）走上阿富汗首都喀布爾（Kabul）街頭，劫掠商家並對外國援軍放火；在這場自塔利班政權垮台後最大規模的暴動中，至少14人死亡、142人受傷。這場騷動將近來撼動南阿富汗的不安帶進了喀布爾的大門。原本被視為安全島的喀布爾，這下也淪陷了。 暴動因29日一場美軍引起的事故而起，美軍官方說法表示：當時一輛機械失靈的貨車意外一連撞上路邊的12輛車，造成至少一人喪生。肇事美軍為驅離圍觀民眾而鳴槍示警，美方表示，目前尚未查明中彈身亡的5民當地民眾是為美軍、亦或前來維持秩序的警方所殺。而當地版本則是：民眾看見美軍車輛連撞12輛當地汽車後強行逃逸、並向民眾開槍；於是，憤怒的阿富汗人走上街頭與警方發生激烈衝突。 據喀布爾當地醫院的整理調查指出，至少11人在這場暴動中喪生，抗議者並到處破壞車輛建築，造成上百萬損失，抗議路線上慘不忍睹。分析專家及當地居民表示，喀布爾暴動已顯示出反美情緒的全國化、以及戰後重建秩序的脆弱。一位在媒體前要求匿名的西方外交官表示：「民眾不滿情緒已屆臨界點，而他們絕不會放過任何發洩怒火的機會。」 抗議者到非政府組織「國際關懷」（CARE International）及其他外國援助機構辦公室縱火，甚至在暴動演變成強行劫掠時，也放火燒了無辜的鄰近中國妓院及阿富汗商家。當地一名警衛伊桑（Ehsan）向基督教箴言報表示：「這兒很多人都厭惡非政府組織（NGOs），因為NGOs雖然為當地帶來了援助資金，卻沒法幫助當地人找到謀生工作。他們一直在等這種可以大肆發洩的日子。」 這場大型暴動的前奏是阿富汗長達2週、造成近4百人死亡的衝突。上週南阿富汗一座小型機場爆發與塔利班的戰鬥，30多人死亡，再加上各國聯軍於阿富汗境內到處驅車警戒，民眾強烈反美情緒一觸擊發。一位阿富汗籍的聯合國組織工作者表示：「美軍車輛總在大街上恣意胡亂行駛。當他們趕著前進的時候就亂擋路，完全不顧交通規則。我們只好乖乖在他們後面排隊。」為保安全，聯軍車輛總是移動快速，造成當地民眾困擾，更增添當地緊張情緒。 至於這場暴動是伊斯蘭激進份子的指揮安排、還是純粹民眾自發性的不滿爆發，目前還沒有明確證據。「他們背後一定有某個組織在操作。」一位西方的警力組織成員分析道；他指出，暴動者早就在等待時機，現在就差聯軍來點燃引火線而已，當天暴民手上甚至還拿著標有暴動路線的地圖：他們自北喀布爾出發，穿過市中心，走過地標飯店、美國大使館、及北約總部，最後集結在西區。另外，喀布爾各處還有許多非組織性的暴動，週一當天，阿富汗整個首都鬧得沸沸揚揚。 然而，外交官員及不少目擊者透露，放火劫掠並非當天抗議者的行為，是罪犯們在示威抗議的煙霧彈下公然行搶。只願透露部分姓名的拉烏夫（Rauf）是暴動路線上的商家，他就表示，市郊本來就盜賊群聚，而那些賊性不改的土匪老早就在等待這個趁火打劫的好機會。 這場大暴動總共維持了8小時，而當騷亂漸漸緩和下來時，警方終於出動巡邏，阿富汗政府也在30日發告宵禁，每晚10時至次日清晨4時禁止所有市民外出，否則嚴刑以待。然而，警力鎮壓卻可能引發新一波的問題：警方遇上可疑人士就盤查，時有口角、無故毆打民眾、或將他們押入警車，喀布爾警民情緒都處於緊張狀態。民眾不禁要問：事後趾高氣昂的警方為何無法在第一時間控制暴動、阻止商家及外國援助機構被破壞？ （資料來源：http://search.csmonitor.com/search_content/0530/p06s01-wosc.html） Hundreds of demonstrators rampaged through the Afghan capital Monday, torching foreign aid agencies and looting busi-nesses in a wave of violence that killed at least 14 people and wounded another 142. The riots brought the unrest, which has racked southern Afghanistan in recent months, within the gates of Kabul - hitherto seen as an island of stability. The protest was sparked early Monday when a US military convoy was involved in a traffic accident with a cargo truck that had ex-perienced a mechanical failure. The resulting 12-car pileup killed at least one person, the US military said in a statement. US soldiers fired warning shots over the top of the crowd that had gathered around the accident. However, it remains unclear whether the five people who were killed at the scene were shot by the US military or by Afghan police who arrived to control the crowds. A survey of the city's hospitals found that at least 11 more people were killed over the course of the day's rioting, which caused millions of dollars of damage and left a trail of destruction along the route the protesters traveled. With violence in southern Afghanistan at its worst levels since the fall of the Taliban, the Kabul riots reflect a growing nationwide resentment about the foreign military presence in the country and the glacial pace of reconstruction, say analysts and residents. "There is a large reservoir of discontent and people are now just looking for a reason to vent their rage," says a Western diplomat who requested anonymity. Demonstrators set the offices of CARE and other foreign aid agencies ablaze, but also torched a Chinese brothel and Afghan businesses as the demonstrations escalated into loot-ing. "Many people hate the NGOs [nongovernmental orga-nizations] because they see all this money coming into the country and they have not been able to get jobs. They were waiting for a day like today," says Ehsan, an Afghan security officer. The road accident Monday morning follows a bloody two weeks of fighting around the country that has left nearly 400 people dead. Around 30 civiliarns were killed in an airstrike in southern Afghanistan last week during a battle with the Taliban, stoking public resentment already inflamed by the way Coalition forces drive around the country. "The US use force in the street with their cars. When Americans are in a hurry they cut people off and they don't care how they drive. We all have to wait in line behind them," says an Afghan UN employee who asked to remain anonymous. Coalition forces often move quickly as a safety precaution. It remains unclear whether the riots were orchestrated by Islamic militants or were a spontaneous eruption of unrest. "There was organization behind the demonstrations. They have literally been biding their time and waiting for a catalyst from Coalition forces," says a Western security source, who added that demonstrators were carrying maps with a marching route already marked. The protesters start-ed in the north of Kabul, went through the center of the city, passed by the major hotels, the US Embassy, and the main NATO base, and ended up in the western part of the city. There were other spontaneous demonstrations around the capital. However, diplomats and many eyewitnesses said the demonstrations have been used by criminals as a window of opportunity for looting and theft. "Those people on the outskirts of Kabul have always been bandits and they are still thieves. They were waiting for a chance to take stuff from houses," says Rauf, a shopkeeper along the protesters' route who goes by one name. As the demonstrations subsided, police resumed patrols but were hassling any groups of men they saw standing in the open, punching people with no explanation and shoving them into cars. Questions will now be asked about why the police were unable to contain the riots and protect busi-nesses and aid agencies. The riots lasted a full eight hours. |
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| （回目錄） | |
| 貧窮 毒品與挫折 | |
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當外國部隊前來維持治安的時候，毒品、貧窮和對阿富汗政府的挫折感，使塔利班激進者所煽動的暴動火上加油，其組織也得以日益茁壯。 過去幾週發生的暴力事件，可能是自從美國等部隊驅逐塔利班以來最嚴重的。近日，南阿富汗有超過百人在炸彈和槍戰中喪生，包括兩名法國士兵、一名美國士兵和一名加拿大士兵。5月21日，又有3個人在阿富汗首都喀布爾死於炸彈。 暴力事件發生的同時，北大西洋公約組織正持續將維和部隊從9千人增加到1萬6千人，以準備在阿富汗南部從美國領導的部隊接管安全工作。北大西洋公約組織的部隊希望能為阿富汗政府提供安全保護，並幫助各單位開始提升當地生活。他們的轉型策略，是建立阿富汗自己的部隊以交接其任務，然而，現在的情勢看來，可能還要很多年。 來自英國、加拿大和荷蘭的的北大西洋公約組織部隊將擔任先鋒，率先進入阿富汗境內一些外國或政府部隊從未涉足的地帶，那裡一向由反抗軍和毒品企業聯合體所支配。「對手想要分裂並爭奪這些地方，一點都不令人意外」，北大西洋公約組織發言人馬克‧萊提表示。「他們知道這是實質上的勢力擴張。」加上美國的2萬3千部隊，阿富汗境內的外國部隊終將接近2001年以來最多的4萬人，他們將面對反抗者與毒品業的聯手反擊。 但正當外國部隊和總統卡爾札依的政府企圖將政權拓展到鄉村，塔利班也同時在拓展範圍。塔利班現在仍在國際部隊還無法抵達的地帶活動著，至今阿富汗東方與南方的大片區域都還是政府與救援團體的禁區。例如在喀布爾西南方的格茲尼省，居民就指出，塔利班已經滲透了首府10公里以內的村莊。警察和其他政府工作人員面臨塔利班的威脅，只能拋棄自己的家園。 在整個鄉村地帶，塔利班持續尋找對政府感到挫折，對國外部隊夢想破滅的人們。「人們對政府的治理能力、透明度和貪污都感到不滿。人們沒有得到他們期待的，因而感到挫折。」西方分析家表示。對於暴力事件，他認為「不管部署調度有沒有問題，這都一定會發生。」 塔利班時代擔任政府官員的一位寫手兼政治分析家瓦席德‧摩茲達表示，許多赤貧的，極端保守的阿富汗人也能夠接受反抗軍對所謂「聖戰」的號召。「對每場戰爭來說，動機都遠比武器來得必要。塔利班有其動機，就是伊斯蘭。」他表示，日前一位從伊斯蘭教改信基督教，原本應該被嚴懲的人獲得釋放，從激進的伊斯蘭觀點來看，這事件使政府的正當性遭到質疑。 同時，外國部隊搜尋敵人的戰略笨手笨腳，引來許多憤怒。許多阿富汗人現在感覺到，日子並沒有比5年前塔利班剛被驅逐那時候好。「在塔利班被驅逐後，人們之間一度有希望，認為經濟會好轉，阿富汗會重建。但顯然這些願望都沒有成真。」莫茲達表示。 但北大西洋公約組織的歐洲最高軍事指揮官表示，毒品企業聯合引起的威脅甚至超越塔利班，可能使舉步維艱的阿富汗朝毒品帝國蹣跚前進。而西方國家扶植的阿富汗政府努力根絕鴉片，反而被塔利班玩弄於掌中。「政府不去抓涉及非法交易的官員，反而懲罰貧苦的農民。這就造成了憤怒。」莫茲達認為：「如果把種種因素加總起來，你就能發現為什麼塔利班在增員和增加攻擊上都那麼成功。」 |
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| （回目錄） | |
| 吾思吾師 找回教師熱情與尊嚴徵文比賽 | |
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