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══════════════════【立報】═══════════════════ |
| 教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2006-10-06》 |
| 本期內容 | |
| ◎國際專題：南亞地震災後一年 重建工作緩慢 | |
| ◎地震一年後 母親的哀泣 | |
| ◎吾思吾師 找回教師熱情與尊嚴徵文比賽 | |
| 國際專題：南亞地震災後一年 重建工作緩慢 | |
| 策劃、編譯■唐澄暐、侯美如 | |
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30歲的瑪沙拉特在去年巴基斯坦史上最慘重的天災中失去了她年僅13歲的兒子，一場大地震下來都半年了，她們卻只在巴拉科特城坍塌的理髮店殘骸中找到他的鞋子，瑪沙拉特那時甚至希望全家都這麼死了就好了。 一年之後，她和丈夫為了躲避洪水，從幾乎全毀的巴拉科特遷到車程約半小時的西北邊境省崖巴城，他們和3個孩子仍然住在帳棚裡，而瑪沙拉特的心情和去年一樣沮喪無助，她用頭巾一角抹去眼淚：「我妹妹也在地震中失去2女1子，我另外一個妹妹也死了兩個兒子，現在她們都還沒找到孩子的屍體。你可以幫我們找孩子的屍體嗎？我們祈禱著孩子們都還活著，只是被外國人救了送到國外的醫院，有一天會回來。我多希望再來一次大地震，這樣我們就可以一起死掉了。與其過這樣的生活，倒不如死了算了。」 根據官方數據，去年10月8日的大地震，在西北邊境省和巴屬喀什米爾共有逾7萬3千人喪生，加上喀什米爾與印度邊界死亡的1千3百人，救援團體預估地震罹難人數甚至超過10萬。一年之後的今天，流離失所的3百萬人卻大多仍住在帳篷和鐵皮避難屋中，其中約3萬6千頂為政府提供，學校和醫護站至今仍只能在臨時避難所中勉強運作。 而重建緩慢的因素之一便是氣候。眾國際救援組織不但為了救災、也為了幫助倖存者度過寒冬而來，如ActionAid等團體帶著各方捐款為當地搭建帳篷和避難所，才免去一場二度傷亡的災難；然而，春雪融後接連而來又是雨季，山崩洪水毀了城鎮、同時也帶走至少12條人命，約4千人被迫遷徙。而眼看下一場冬雪又要來臨了。 但是人為影響才更是使重建嚴重落後的因素。雖然地震重建修復機構表示已發給受難者重建基金（Erra），大多難民卻都沒有領到。ActionAid巴基斯坦緊急重建計劃負責人布西拉更指責Erra政策搖擺不定，並指出上層指示難以下傳。此外，當地的貪污同時也加劇問題。布西拉表示正是那些貪腐讓許多家庭都無法拿到補助金，「為了領到分期補助金，你甚至還得花錢賄賂。」其中一位女性還為了賄賂而負債，「這裡大部分的人都很窮，也無法得到政府或軍方的工作。他們之中甚至還有很多人完全無法工作，只能在斷垣殘壁旁等待評估團隊到來、或是癡癡等待評估文件下達」。 而對於救援組織的責難，Erra副主席納丁姆向媒體《IoS》表示貪污情形的確在災後評估初期出現，但他也聲明已有17％的倖存者領到重建金並開始打造新屋，「我們對進展狀況感到很滿意」，他也發牢騷，「受過這麼大創傷的人總是抱怨不停。」 喀什米爾的巴赫區有8,658人因地震死亡、1萬1,369人受傷，現在96％的倖存者都住臨時搭建的避難所。鄰近的潘雅立村情形也好不到那兒去，年屆半百的拉希達夫婦和5女1子住在山邊的鐵皮屋裡，「地震在幾秒之間毀了我們的家」，拉希達太太指出，評估小組在5個月前已來過，並表示會再回來，但卻一去杳無音訊，而現在他們甚至連第一期的重建經費都還沒領到：「但為了購買食物，我們已欠下4萬盧比（約台幣2萬元）。地震後這裡什麼都變貴了。現在我又開始擔心冬天，再過幾個月，這裡就會積3呎的雪。」 根據英國《獨立報》特派記者指出，現在的巴署喀什米爾首都穆紮法拉巴德和半年前採訪時看起來幾乎沒兩樣：這座逾3萬6千人死亡的城市，到現在仍是由灰燼和各處裸露的鋼筋構成主要市容，四處遍布就地搭建的帳棚和坍塌的建築遺骸，水牛們隨地棲息在防水帆布後。唯一的重大進展就是慈善團體出資成立的鐵皮屋大學。半成的板球場外是政府提供的營區，共有40個帳棚。穆罕默德夫婦和從7歲到21歲的6名小孩自去年10月23日就擠在一個帳棚裡生活，他們原先在離那裡7天腳程的尼隆村有間8房的大屋，地震毀了一切，而那裡甚至沒有一個救難人員前來援助。 穆罕默德先生表示：「雖然我很想回去，但山崩把路阻斷了。過去我是個農夫，現在我沒了生計：我的水牛和公牛都死了。」他指出，營區的生活非常艱困，「一點隱私都沒有，夏天又太熱了。只要連下一個小時的雨，到處馬上都是泥濘，我覺得很沒安全感」。目前他們已將重建經費的半數都花在食物、床墊、火爐、水容器及煮食需要的瓦斯等生活必需品上，以微薄的補助金希求重建生活，談何容易。 有些人則比較幸運。20歲的賽瑪就住在鄰近的村落，她在ActionAid的援助下受訓成為一位電工，「雖然每個人都說這種工作女孩子做不來，但他們仍然願意幫助我們、教導我們在這裡生活更需要擁有的技能」。由於沒有足夠的床位，賽瑪只能打地鋪睡覺，但她仍驕傲地亮出工具箱裡的剪線鉗和老虎鉗表示，現在賺的可比以前當裁縫師時多上3倍。 然而賽瑪的例子僅是少數，在西北邊境省，還是有許多人為了拿到可以聲請補償金的證明文件而日夜奔波。早上9點半公家機關都還沒開始上班的時候，曼塞赫拉的國家資料登記機構外卻早是大排長龍了，他們多是想補辦在地震中遺失的身分證，想申請重建金的民眾就算已擁有證明文件，也得等上落落長的官方程序才可以領到經費。34歲務農的札利恩也正為等待所苦。他自去年12月開始已經走訪離住所2小時遠的登記機構不下20次、甚至還為了申請文件而遠至首都伊斯蘭馬巴德，這一切已花上他2萬盧比（約台幣一萬元），但因為他的名字在不同的文件上被拼錯，申請案遲遲無法通過。目前和雙親、妻兒及兩個兄弟同住的札利恩表示，事情永遠都沒辦法好轉了：「他們要我這樣自家、政府兩地跑，直到死。」 現在，位於首都的全國殘障協會也正為了災後下身或四肢麻痺的一百多名患者而努力。21歲的克哈里達一直希望能再度用雙腿走路，雖然瘦弱蒼白的她大部分的時間仍花在病床上和褥瘡搏鬥，但能靠枴杖踏出第一步她已非常開心；20歲的莎拉瑪在地震中喪夫，已能靠自己力量慢慢行走的她看著13個月大的女兒說：「現在我只為她而活。」 回到崖巴城，瑪沙拉特緊緊抓著紅十字會散發的失蹤人口傳單，上頭印有兒子的照片。他們原先居住的巴拉科特因為位於兩條活躍的斷層帶上，已永遠無法重建；目前政府正在15哩外的地方打造新城市，但物資缺乏的巴基斯坦還需要3年才能完成興建。瑪沙拉特的眼淚還無法止息。 （URL：http://news.independent.co.uk/world/a-sia/article1777838.ece） Musarat Nazir wipes away tears on the edge of her headscarf. When I first met her, six months after the Pakistan earthquake, she was sitting in a shelter in Balakot, a town which had been almost entirely wiped out and was rattled daily by aftershocks. All that had been found of her 13-year-old son since a barber shop collapsed on top of him was his shoes. The distraught 30-year-old mother then wished that the whole fam-ily had been wiped out. A year after the disaster Musarat still feels the same. She now lives in a tent with her husband and three children in Jaba camp, a half-hour drive from Balakot in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), where she moved to escape flash floods. "My sister lost two daughters and a son in the earthquake. She has never found his body. My other sister lost two sons and hasn't found their bodies either. Can you help us find the bodies of our children?" she asks. "We are praying that they didn't die, and foreigners took them to hospitals abroad and will bring them back. I wish another earth-quake would occur so we can all die at the same time. If this is life, I would rather be dead." According to official figures, around 73,000 people died in the quake, Pakistan's worst natural disaster, which struck NWFP and Pakistan-controlled Kashmir on 8 October last year. At least a further 1,300 died on the Indian side of the dividing line in Kashmir. Aid a-gencies believe the victims could number around 100,000. Three million were left homeless and, 12 months on, most survivors still live in relief tents or shelters made from corrugated iron. Around 36,000 are in government camps, having lost their land. Schools and medical facilities still operate out of temporary shelters. The weather has been one of the factors impeding reconstruction. A massive international relief operation was mounted to keep the survivors alive during the area's notoriously harsh winter. Readers of The Inde-pendent on Sunday donated more than ￡132,000 to the charity ActionAid, much of which was spent on tents and shelters, and the feared second wave of deaths was averted. But by the time the snows had melted, it was only months until the monsoon, which caused yet more landslides, killing at least 12 people, and flooding entire villages. Around 4,000 people were relocated. It will start snowing again in December. Many have not received the first instalment of the compensation to rebuild their homes, despite claims by the Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (Erra) to the contrary. Bushra Gohar, direc-tor of ActionAid's emergency and reconstruction pro-ject in Pakistan, blames Erra's frequently changing policies and the difficulty of communicating them to so many survivors. There are also problems with corrup-tion. "There is so much corruption that the families will hardly get any compensation," she says. "You have to pay someone to get an instalment. Most of the people are poor and they are the last priority for the govern-ment and the military." One woman she has spoken to had even taken out a loan in order to pay the bribes, she says. Many can't work, as they are waiting by the re-mains of their collapsed homes for an assessment team to arrive, or spend their days standing in endless queues to get the right documentation. Lt-Gen Nadeem Ahmed, deputy chairman of Erra, admitted to the IoS that corruption had taken place during the initial assessment stages. He claims that about 17 per cent of the people have started to build proper homes. "We are pretty much happy with the state of affairs ... The people have suffered such a huge trauma they will always be complaining," he says. In the district of Bagh, in Pakistan-controlled Kashmir, where 8,658 people died and 11,369 were injured, 96 per cent of its people are living in temporary shelters. In the nearby village of Penyali, Rashida Ab-durazaq, 55, and her husband Abdul, 60, who had five daughters and a son, live in a tent and corrugated iron shelter on the side of a mountain. "The earthquake de-stroyed the house within seconds," says Rashida. The family have yet to receive the first instalment of com-pensation to rebuild their home. "The survey team came five months ago. They said they would come back, but they haven't. We're now in debt by 40,000 rupees [￡350] because we had to buy food. Everything has become very expensive since the earthquake. I'm worried about the winter again. In two months, we could get about 3ft of snow." Six months since I last visited, there is little visible change to Muzaffarabad, capital of Pakistan-controlled Kashmir, where about 36,000 died. Relief tents stand on top of the skeletal remains of buildings. Dust and exposed iron rods are a permanent feature, and some buildings still lie where they fell. Buffaloes shelter be-hind tarpaulin. The only sign of significant progress is the corrugated-iron university, paid for by a charity. Outside the city's half-finished cricket stadium is one of the area's 40 government camps. Muhammad Maskeen, 45, his wife, Reshamjan, 40, and their six children, aged from seven to 21, have lived in the same tent since 23 October. This has now ripped. Their eight-room home in a village in the Neelum valley, a seven-day walk away, was destroyed. No relief work-ers came to their rescue. "I'm willing to go back, but there's no access as there was a landslide," says Muhammad. "I was a farmer and lost my livelihood. My two buffaloes and bull died. It's very difficult living here. There's no privacy and in the summer it's too hot. If it rains for more than an hour, there's mud everywhere. I feel very insecure." The family have already spent half of the compensation they received to rebuild their home on essentials such as food, mattresses, a stove, a water container and gas for cooking. Others have been luckier. Saima Sain Khan, 20, from the nearby village of Dhaki Marvania, is one of a hand-ful of women whom ActionAid has trained as an elec-trician. In a tiny shelter that also serves as a shop, she proudly opens her toolbox and shows me her wirecut-ters and pliers. She earns three times as much as she did as a seamstress. "People said that women wouldn't be able to do it," says Saima, who sleeps on the floor, as there aren't e-nough beds for all the family. "But we've been accepted and we're providing a much-needed skill in the area." Back in NWFP, some are still struggling to get the required documentation before they can start the long process of claiming compensation. It is 9.30am and there is already a long queue at the National Database Registration Authority in Mansehra, which isn't yet open. Many lost their ID cards in the disaster and they are still trying to replace them. Zareen, 34, a farmer, has been trying since Decem-ber and has made more than a dozen journeys from his shelter in the Chattar plain, two hours away, as well as two trips to Islamabad. It has cost him 20,000 rupees so far (￡175). His name has been misspelt along the way, which is holding up his case. Zareen, who shares his shelter with his parents, wife, three children and two brothers, is sure he will get no further today. "They want me to make the journey from my home to this office until my death." Biyari, a remote village set 5,400ft above sea level in the Allai valley, NWFP, has also not changed much since my last visit. All the residents are still living in temporary shelters or tents, and collapsed houses still lie among the marijuana plants. Taja Farooq, 30, lost her husband, mother and sis-ter-in-law, as well as nephews and nieces. Dressed in black, she hides in a shed, as her culture prohibits her from talking face-to-face with my male translator. "When I see another woman with her husband, even if they have nothing she has hope," says the widow, who shares a shelter with her father-in-law and three chil-dren. "But what do I have? It doesn't matter if another earthquake occurs. I have nothing more to lose." Meanwhile, the National Institute for Handicapped in Islamabad is still caring for around 100 patients left paraplegic or quadriplegic after the disaster. Last time we spoke, Khalida Noorkhan, 21, from Bagh, was hoping to walk again. She has since taken her first steps with the help of crutches and is naturally delighted. Still thin and pale, she spends most of the day lying on her bed battling against bedsores. Salama Akthar, 20, also from Bagh, can now take hesitant steps unaided. But hers is not an entirely happy ending. As doctors feared would be the case for many female patients, her hus-band has left her. "I live only for her," says Salama, looking at her 13-month-old daughter. Back at Jaba camp, Musarat is clutching an Interna-tional Red Cross leaflet featuring photos of the missing, which includes her son. Balakot, where 2,096 people died, will not be rebuilt as it sits on two active fault lines. A new town is to be constructed 15 miles away. It will take up to three years to be built. I suspect her tears are far from over. |
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| 地震一年後 母親的哀泣 | |
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從一年前那場地震以來，比爾奇斯‧卡同每天都會到墓園探望她的小女兒，一位在倒榻校舍中喪命的老師。卡同一邊哭泣，一邊對著被鐵架與花飾環繞的墳墓祈禱。卡同的女兒塞瑪‧伊蘭，葬在地震罹難者公墓，就在她過去任教的西北前線省公立高中旁。「她的死狀我一直忘不掉。她本來可以活下來的，但她選擇去救學生，和她們死在一起。」卡同說。 那天是週六早上，剛開始上課沒多久，地震就發生了。塞瑪及時逃生，但她立刻衝回學校幫助學生。「學生們驚慌地抓住她，就在那時，屋頂塌在她們身上」，住在學校隔壁的札齊‧沙說。「幾個鐘頭後，我們找到她面目全非的屍體。她的母親幾乎發狂，一直到現在。」 這場發生於2005年10月8日的芮氏規模7.6強烈地震，在巴基斯坦造成7萬3千人死亡。在北方山區，近1萬7千個學童因校舍倒塌而喪命，包括塞瑪在內，近9百位教師殉職。塞瑪喪生的格爾西‧哈比布拉，位於風景秀麗的巴拉科特山谷，距離震央不遠。 在過於保守的穆斯林觀念與巴基斯坦的農村傳統中，女性應該主內持家。但塞瑪不一樣。28歲，受過教育的她獨立自主，是校內頗受歡迎的老師，並將在那年的開齋節之後，與倫敦一位巴基斯坦商人結婚。但在開齋節三週前，地震來襲。 一年後，她曾任職的學校的組合屋教室已經不夠用了。她的學生為她主持逝者的祈禱fateha，在震災一週年當天，更將舉行紀念儀式。「她是個完美的老師，充滿愛心。我們好想她。」幸運脫困的女學生瑪利亞‧札齊爾說。 每天，學生們都會看到卡同來清理女兒的墳墓。「我每天來這裡尋求慰藉與毅力。偶爾當我實在忍不住的時候，我一天來這裡兩三次。」每天她都得與悲慟搏鬥：「只有和我一樣失去如塞瑪般至親的人，才能了解我的痛苦。我內心仍無法接受她的離開。」 |
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| （回目錄） | |
| 吾思吾師 找回教師熱情與尊嚴徵文比賽 | |
送舊迎新囉！迎接新的一年，讓我們滿懷感恩的心，感謝過去教導我們、使我們智慧增長的師長，用一千字以內的短文與大家分享溫馨感人的真人實事。全教會贊助入選者稿酬每字2元，來稿請以電子檔寄young@lihpao.co-m﹐附真實姓名﹑身份字號﹑銀行帳號。本報有權刪修來稿﹐來稿者視為同意本報集結出書時﹐不另支稿酬。 |
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