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| 教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2006-12-08》 |
| 國際專題：Cameroon Forces Slay Ambazonian Students Again 為抗議喪命，喀麥隆大學2年內第二起 | |
| 策劃、編譯■唐澄暐、侯美如 | |
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Exactly a year and 6 months after Cameroon forces shot dead 3 students at the University of Buea-Ambazonia (UB） in an attempt to stop the prolonged sit-in by students protesting an increase in school fees, the lack of basics like drinking fountains in school and the right to operate a Student Union on campus; Cameroon forces again opened fire at students of UB on November 29th, 2006, killing two students (1 | 2） and injuring 3 others. The students had started a protest action on November 27th, 2006, over the fixing of the results of an entrance exam to the newly opened Faculty of Medicine at UB by Cameroon officials. Cameroon officials in the Ministry of Higher Education had forcefully included the names of some 26 French Cameroon students to the original list of 127 students who had passed the entrance exam and were supposed to come in for the oral part of the entrance. On November 29th, 2006 the Pro-Chancellor appointed by the Cameroon regime of Mr. Peter Agbor Tabi appeared in school as the students were continuing with their strike. When the students refused to call- off the strike, Mr.Agbor Tabi is said to have personally marched to the police station and invited the cops to use force in ending the protest. The cops arrived at the demonstration and started firing teargas at the students who reacted with a volley of stones. After the teargas, police started firing live bullets at point blank range. Two students, Yufani and Abiadong, were shot in the head and chest. Both died on the spot. Three other students were wounded and rushed to the hospital. This again demonstrates the determination of the Cameroon regime to slam with excessive force any attempt by any sector of the Ambazonian public to question any policy of the regime no matter how grossly criminal such policy may be. This coming just a year and the half after Cameroon forces shot dead three students at this same campus and mindful of the fact that there has been no criminal investigation nor has there been any indictment for those killings, it becomes absolutely necessary to pursue with vigor a campaign for justice to the dead students, otherwise this pattern of crime and impunity against Ambazonian students by Cameroon forces will keep repeating itself. http://www.indymedia.org/fr/2006/12/876059.shtml 據了解，不少非洲的大學都因校舍狀況不佳、缺乏資源及未來工作機會，易引發學生抗議活動，且這些議題通常會擴大演變成政治示威，而喀麥隆位於首都雅恩德（Yaounde）、全國唯一英語系統的布埃亞安巴尚尼亞大學（University of Buea-Ambazonia，UB），前陣子更為了牽扯語系議題的考試而鬧得滿城風雨。 11月27日，UB大學生因新成立的醫學院入學考試結果而發起抗議活動。據了解，喀麥隆高等教育部官員力量介入考試，在原先127位筆試錄取名單上，自行加上另外26名法語系統的喀麥隆學生，讓根本未赴考第一階段筆試的他們也能進入第二階段口試，對此學生代表懷疑，那些空降部隊的學生與學校職員間有賄金往來。此外，原為德國殖民地的喀麥隆在第一次世界大戰時曾為英法瓜分，雖然至今英法仍為官方語言，但由於法語派系人數佔多數且掌握政治勢力，這次考試的結果很難不在英法語情勢緊張的喀麥隆引起過度遐想。 抗議進行到第3天，29日政府官員塔皮（Peter Agbor Tabi）指派副校監前往UB平息抗議活動。據稱當學生表示拒絕停止示威及回復正常上課時，塔皮便動身前往警察局借調人力前往鎮壓，警方先以催淚瓦斯恫赫，學生也還以擲石攻擊，最後警方開始動用真槍，事件以兩名學生由方尼（Yufani）及阿比亞東（Abiadong）分別頭部及胸部中彈死亡、另外3名掛彩送醫收場。安巴尚尼亞大學一位不願透漏姓名的學生表示，雖然事件已告一段落，目前校園附近仍瀰漫緊張氣氛：「到處都是武裝警察，車輛不敢駛入這裡，街上空蕩蕩的。但有些學生又開始在校園的一角聚集。」 其實就在1年6個月之前，為了抗議學費漲價、缺乏飲水機等基本資源、以及不被允許組織學生會，布埃亞安巴尚尼亞大學學生發起聯合靜坐抗議，當時為了終止學生的抗議活動，喀麥隆警方槍殺了3名學生。事發不滿兩年，就在上個月29日，同一間大學又因抗議活動而失去2名學生、3人負傷。又一場喀麥隆政府對UB的下馬威，不惜動用暴力也要鎮壓反對聲浪，看來喀麥隆政權想宣示，無論政府的決策如何不公無理，UB任何學生或部門都不得提出異議。而一年半前的抗議命案事後不但沒有進行調查、殺人兇手更沒有受到任何法律制裁，若無法為死去的學生討回公道，安巴尚尼亞大學的悲劇只會不斷重演。 |
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| （回目錄） | |
| UB Crisis Is Part Of The Anglophone Problem 大學生抗議活動，與喀麥隆「英法」戰爭一體兩面 | |
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上週在抗議運動中喪命的學生，其屍體已在週末時偷偷被從布埃亞醫院停屍間運往西北省（Northwest Province）埋葬。然而，在那裡發生過的事卻不會如此輕易地被時間掩埋，當局的過分執法已露透出，南喀麥隆人民的權利長久以來是多麼地被邊緣化。以下是當地郵報《ICICEMAC》針對近日的鎮暴事件與蘭比教授（Prof. Lambi）間的訪談： 問：現在布埃亞安巴尚尼亞大學（UB）醫學院入學問題備受爭議，請問這是怎麼發生的？ 蘭比教授：由於通過考試進入醫學院的學生將來能直接進入公家機關服務，及格考生名單該由高等教育部長來簽署同意，而非校內副教授來執行。敝校第一次舉行醫學院考試就捅出這種紕漏，我誠摯透過媒體向喀麥隆人民表示歉意，是我出的錯。當時，我將考試結果分別呈遞給健康科學院院長及高等教育部長，因為870名報考生名單必須通過包括部長在內的審查團和院長的核准才能決定。依照法令，我們可以錄取60名學生進入口試，但學校希望開放更多名額，至少收72人，於是我建議乾脆收120名好了，如此一來算入同分的考生，我們就得收127名。提出增收學生的人的確是我，但我並沒有簽署的同意權，如果現在罷課的學生只單就錄取名單進行抗議活動，那他們提出的訴求就不該有9點，考試名額多寡的變動和那些已經被錄取的學生之間沒有關係。 問：那麼，現在兩份名額不同的錄取表該取哪一份做為口試名單呢？ 蘭比教授：顯然我們會採用部長那份153人的名單。如果敝校握有的名單沒問題，我就不需要向社會大眾道歉了。高等教育部長將127名的錄取名額增加到153名，無非是為了讓更多喀麥隆學子能進入醫學院就讀，在我看來這是很好的決定；另外我要強調，此份名單的審查團是由部長及安巴尚尼亞大學等成員組成。而我也在這波罷課抗議中看到比錄取名單更重要的隱藏議題。 問：那麼可否請問那個隱藏議題是什麼？ 蘭比教授：其中一個是假證書的問題。現下我們正在查核即將畢業的學生當初入學時繳交的證書，我們發現很多人都還沒通過英制的普通教育文憑（GCE，General Certificate of Education）普通及高級程度考、或是法制高中畢業會考（BAC），有些人甚至偽造證書，而那些因此無法順利拿到學位的學生，他們其中有不少正參與此次抗議活動。 這是抗議學生不敢對外坦承的秘密，因為如此一來社區就不會支持他們。而在我們UB修一個學位需要3年，學分制度限制學生最多只能修18學分，但就部份特殊情況，各學院院長可同意學生超修到21、22學分，然而有些學生偷偷加修課程，甚至超修到31；我們稱之為「偷來的學分」並譴責這種不當行為，除非他們同意退課或重讀，不然我們不會批准他們的選課單。而現在這樣的學生也在抗議之列，什麼考試榜單都是藉口，他們只不過是想要反抗學校而已，這麼作是為了掩飾更大的問題。 http://www.icicemac.com/nouvelle/cm/indexplus.php3?nid=7443 |
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| （回目錄） | |
| EDUCATION-CAMEROON:Poverty and Culture Conspire to Deny Girls Schooling 喀麥隆教育：貧窮與文化共同扼&?/td> | |
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Of the 71 pupils in Daouda Soule's class, only 18 are girls. "Last year there were about 20 girls, but even some...who were promoted to the next grade dropped out and are at home, although primary school is free," the teacher at the Central Public School in Garoua, northern Cameroon, told IPS. Her experience is not unique. Two months into the new academic year, there is a noticeable lack of girls attending schools, especially in Cameroon's three northern provinces. In part, this is a legacy of economic turmoil in the Central African country. Cameroon began experiencing economic difficulties in the mid-1980s. This all but eliminated the slow progress that had been made in improving education for girls, say certain analysts. According to Justine Ebwele, deputy director at the Ministry of Basic Education, structural adjustment programmes have pushed many poverty-stricken parents to stop educating some of their children. Very often, she told IPS, it is girls who are kept at home. "In addition, this crisis shook the educational system by creating drastic operating budget reductions. The Ministry of Education failed to maintain its training standards because the elimination of allowances and drastically reduced salaries sorely discouraged its teachers." Leonie Mbella, an educational sociologist based in Garoua, agrees. "In Cameroon, boys have a better chance of going to school," she told IPS. "School enrolment for girls over the past few decades has suffered the...effects of the (economic) crisis." Something more than economics is at play, however -- as demonstrated by the fact that gender disparities in enrolment persist despite the 2000 decree by President Paul Biya that made primary education free, and eased the financial burden of schooling girls. Traditional perceptions of the role of women also have an adverse effect on girls' schooling. "In Cameroon, the combined influence of historical, religious, economic and socio-cultural factors greatly hinders the development of girls' education," Josephine Ndinga, professor of sociology at the University of Dschang, said in an interview with IPS. Esther Fonkam of the Cameroon Coalition for the Rights of the Child, which groups various non-governmental organisations (NGOs), notes that even though basic education is free, certain parents still allow only some of their children to attend school -- giving preference to boys. Perhaps ironically, Cameroonian women themselves present an obstacle to improving girls' education that will need to be overcome. "Women themselves still believe that the education of girls is not really necessary," says Merline Mbang, programme director at the Equal Rights and Opportunity Forum (EROF), an NGO based in the capital of Yaounde -- adding that teenage pregnancy tends to put an end to the scholastic prospects of girls. "They are already considered adults, and the young wife and mother no longer has time to learn. When she was younger, she was already 'prepared' for her role as a woman, by having to help her own mother with all the domestic chores." Figures from the National Institute of Statistics (Institut national de la statistique), indicate that 58 percent of girls enrol in primary school, and that only 37 percent complete their basic education. For boys, the figures are 83 percent and 60 percent respectively. The report for 2005 from EROF tells a similar tale, noting that of the 1.7 million children without access to primary school, 1.3 million were girls. In addition, more than half of girls aged six to 11 did not attend school last year. According to the Network of Associations of Mothers of Schoolchildren for the Education of Girls (Reseau des associations des meres d'eleves pour l'education des filles), an NGO based in Garoua, eight out of 10 children who do not attend school are girls. The results of this are reflected in illiteracy rates. "Although half of Cameroonians can neither read nor write, illiteracy does not affect both sexes equally: only 40 percent of men are illiterate, compared to 60 percent of women," said Mbella. Government and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) have previously mounted public awareness campaigns to increase the enrolment of girls. These appear to have been ineffective, say local observers. Nonetheless, UNICEF announced another initiative earlier this month called 'Schools: Friends of Children, Friends of Girls', which will see educational materials worth 524,000 dollars being made available. The programme aims to improve the rate of school enrolment and completion by children and girls in particular, in the schools of northern Cameroon. Business as usual in the matter of girls' schooling will undermine Cameroon's prospects of reaching the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of attaining universal primary education by 2015. (Eight MDGs were agreed on by global leaders in 2000. They also focus on halving extreme hunger and poverty, and reducing maternal and child mortality, amongst other objectives.) And, girls like Awa Halimi will find classroom doors closed to them. "I was supposed to enroll this year...but my parents said they didn't have money to buy supplies," she told IPS recently in Garoua. "My father told me that my place from now on was at home, and that he planned to marry me off by the rainy season." http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=35574 達烏達‧索列的71個學生中，只有18個女孩。「去年還有大約20個女孩，但就算那些……能夠晉升到下一年級的都已經退學在家。儘管初等教育是免費的。」這位喀麥隆北部中央公立學校的老師說。 她的經驗並不特殊。新學期開始兩個月，學校明顯少了很多女孩，尤其是在喀麥隆的3個北方省分。某方面來說，這是該國經濟混亂的遺害。80年代中期，喀麥隆經歷了經濟危機。有些分析家指出，經濟危機完全抹殺了促進女孩接受教育的小小一步。 根據基礎教育部副主任賈絲丁‧艾維雷表示，結構調整計畫迫使許多貧苦家庭停止部分的孩童教育。她表示，通常是女孩被迫犧牲。「另外，經濟危機銷減的巨額執行預算，動搖了教育系統。教育部刪減教師津貼、大幅降低教師薪水，嚴重打擊了教師，造成教育標準無法維持。」當地的教育社會學家里昂尼‧姆貝拉也同意：「在喀麥隆，男孩比較有機會上學。過去十來年，女孩的入學一直苦於經濟危機。」 然而，比經濟更嚴重的狀況也正在影響教育。儘管2000年總統比雅促使初等教育免費，並減輕女孩上學的財務負擔，但性別歧視仍在影響著女孩的入學。「在喀麥隆，歷史、宗教、經濟與社會文化因素的綜合體，嚴重妨害了女孩的教育發展。」迪斯強大學的社會學教授約瑟芬‧尼丁嘉表示。 喀麥隆數個NGO組織組成共同的兒童權益聯盟，它們指出，儘管基礎教育免費，許多家長仍只讓一部分的小孩上學，通常是讓男孩優先。甚至，喀麥隆的婦女自己阻礙了女孩的教育。「婦女自己仍相信，女孩的教育並非必要。」權利機會平等論壇的主任梅林‧姆邦表示，除此之外青少女懷孕也讓女孩的學業生涯終結。「此時她們被視為大人，這些年輕的妻子兼母親，從此沒有時間學習。更早之前，女孩在幫忙母親家務的過程，就已經『準備』好成為婦女的腳色。」 國家統計局的資料顯示，58％的女孩小學有入學，但只有37％完成基礎教育，男孩的話，是83％與60％。權利機會平等論壇也顯現類似的數字，約有170萬孩童無法進入小學，其中130萬是女孩。此外，6到11歲的女孩就算進了小學，第二年超過一半無法繼續上學。 根據當地NGO「女童教育母親協會網」指出，無法上學的學童8成是女孩，結果就反映在識字率上。「儘管喀麥隆人有半數無法讀寫，文盲對兩性造成的影響並不均等。只有40％的男性是文盲，女性最終有60％。」姆貝拉表示。 喀麥隆政府與聯合國兒童基金會近來推動了計畫，以增進女童的入學率。有些當地觀察家表示，這些提升公眾注意的計畫顯然有效果。聯合國兒童基金會這個月發布的「學校：孩童的朋友，女孩的朋友」，將帶來價值52萬4千美元的教育器材。這個計畫目標在於提升入學及畢業率，尤其是喀麥隆北部的女孩。就國家的實際利害來說，女孩的就學問題將使喀麥隆期待達到的聯合國千禧年發展計畫落空，按計畫該國必須在2015年之前完成全面的初等教育。 藉此，像阿娃‧哈里米這樣的女孩將發現，學校並沒有那麼遠。「我今年應該要入學……但我爸媽說他們沒錢買用品。」她向記者說。「我爸告訴我，我從現在開始就只能待在家，他打算在雨季來臨時把我嫁掉。」 |
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| 吾思吾師 找回教師熱情與尊嚴徵文比賽 | |
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