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| 教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2007-02-09》 |
| 本期內容 | |
| ◎國際專題：Someone's watching you加拿大監視器密布，民間反應兩極 | |
| ◎Who watches the watchers in surveillance society? | |
| 國際專題：Someone's watching you加拿大監視器密布，民間反應兩極 | |
| 策劃、編譯■唐澄暐、侯美如 | |
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Children in Saskatoon's public schools are being watched. More than 200 video cameras are tracking the movements and actions of students in the city's public elementary and high schools. Some cameras are located outdoors and some are inside the schools -Others are focused on entrances -The division also has a mobile three-camera system available for deployment on request. "People who have nothing to hide welcome them -People who have something to hide fear them," said Saskatoon Public Schools general manager of facilities Stan Laba. This is just one example of the rapid proliferation of video surveillance in Saskatchewan. Most people know their image will be captured at the bank, the convenience store or the airport. But the exploding popularity of these electronic eyes means that in Saskatoon, you could now be monitored if you ride the bus, watch a hockey game, take a university class or are admitted to hospital. Some welcome the presence of cameras, saying it makes them feel safer. Others resent them as an unnecessary invasion of privacy ripe for all kinds of abuses. "In Saskatchewan, we are seeing more and more of this. It's taking us toward a surveillance society," said Gary Dickson, Saskatchewan's privacy and information commissioner. "It builds on fear. It causes us to assume the worst in our fellow citizens. Surveillance tends to rob us of our freedom and individuality and privacy." With the exception of the University of Regina and a handful of other places, Saskatchewan's public bodies are ignoring the privacy guidelines set by Dickson's office. That means no rules on where the cameras can be installed, on parental consent for filming young children, on who gets to watch the tapes and where they're stored or when they're destroyed. "It's not enough just to install the cameras. There is a real need for a policy," Dickson said. Dickson travels to schools, hospitals and other public institutions throughout the province, investigating the use -- or misuse -- of security cameras. He said there are appropriate uses for cameras to prevent repeated thefts or violent crimes, but the technology should be a last resort. In most cases, officials can't explain the reason for their cameras. "It's clear people haven't thought this through," he said. A few officials, such as those with the public school division or the University of Saskatchewan, say they're working on a formal policy and hope to have something in place soon. Laba said there is "absolutely" a need for a policy, and conceded cameras are no magic solution. "I think there's a misguided faith in cameras. I think they have improved behaviour in some cases, but the problems are not going to just go away," Laba said. Mark Putnam, president of Washington-based Character Training Inc., is all for camera surveillance in schools. "It's perfectly appropriate for a principal to use a hallway surveillance camera to make sure Johnny is not hanging out in the bathroom at 9:15 during biology class. I don't know any parent who wouldn't welcome cameras," Putnam said. Over at the University of Saskatchewan Campus Safety office, director Bob Ferguson demonstrates the power of its security video system. From his computer, Ferguson manipulates a camera mounted on the rooftop of a campus apartment building. The camera zooms in on a car about 500 metres away, and Ferguson can read the licence number. "It's the beauty of the new technology," he said. The university hasn't seen a decrease in crime since the current system, which now includes more than 350 cameras, was installed two years ago. But the cameras have helped to catch and prosecute many of the offenders, he said. For example, one student had an important assignment stored on a computer memory card, which was stolen from a campus lab. Security cameras led to the apprehension of the thief, and the student got her assignment back. "For a legitimate person coming to school, it's likely nobody will ever look at (their image)," he said. That argument doesn't sit well with privacy advocates. This is especially true when children are the subject of the surveillance. "Children are vulnerable. This information can fall into the wrong hands," said lawyer Robert Ellis Smith, publisher of the U.S.-based Privacy Journal. "It's extremely threatening and I don't know why a parent would consent to it." The one point the experts all agree on is the need for clear policies on the use of security cameras, something most Saskatchewan institutions lack. "There is a real risk, with this technology, of creating a culture of voyeurism, where people sit behind the monitors in peeping Tom-fashion and spy on everybody," said Mark Rotenberg, a law professor at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., and executive director of the Electronic Privacy Information Centre. "There is good reason to establish guidelines and to limit the use of these cameras." SECURITY CAMERAS IN VARIOUS PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS - The University of Saskatchewan has more than 350 cameras in computer labs, parking lots, hallways, entrances and other locations. - Saskatoon Public Schools has more than 200 cameras in high schools and elementary schools, as well as a three-camera mobile unit. - Saskatoon Catholic Schools has a total of eight cameras in one high school and two elementary schools. - The City of Saskatoon has cameras in leisure centres, TCU Place, Credit Union Centre, the bus mall, on a bus, at the intersection of Avenue C and Circle Drive and in various other facilities. - The Saskatoon Police Service has cameras in the lobby, the detention area, the ramp into the basement and other locations. - The Saskatoon Health Region has a total of 32 cameras -- 24 indoors and eight in parking lots. - SIAST's four campuses, including Kelsey in Saskatoon, have a total of 155 cameras. （http://www.canada.com/saskatoonstarphoenix/news/story.html?id=1db8b334-409c-48e6-aa11-71d8e1e1dbb7&p=1） 若你身在加拿大的薩斯卡通（Saskatoon），可別忘了時時提醒自己保持微笑。那兒的公立小學和中學共有超過2百支攝影鏡頭對著你，監視你的一舉一動。它們有些安裝在校園裡，有些瞄準外圍，其他則狙擊著每個往來各大入口的行人，如果想要的話，那些學校還可以提出加裝高級可動式三頭攝影機的申請。 加拿大穀倉薩克斯其萬省（Saskatchewan）便是監視攝影機大行其道的標準例子。薩克斯其萬大學設有超過350架攝影機，它們分別裝在電腦室、停車場、迴廊等處；4所SIAST科技大學也有155架；公立國高小學林林總總加起來也有2百支電眼，以及一架可動式三頭攝影機；3所天主教學校裡也設有共8台監視器。另外，街道各處角落也是監視範圍，儲蓄信用中心、巴士站旁的購物中心、巴士上、以及大道十字路口都有攝影機的勢力；醫療機構有32架；警察局也在大廳、拘留室、連接地下室的坡道等處都有電眼。 在過去，人們已習慣在銀行、便利商店或機場等地方看到攝影機的身影。但薩斯卡通的電眼大普及改變了這種想法，現在，不管是搭乘公車、到體育館觀戰曲棍球、到大學教室上課或是進出醫院，任何人的一舉一動都受監視。「坐得正行得正的人大呼歡迎，心裡有鬼的傢伙則害怕它們。」當地公立學校總務部部長拉巴（Stan Laba）如是說。 部分民眾表示攝影機的存在讓他們更有安全感，其他的人則反對這些「多事的隱私入侵者」，直指其易淪為公權力的濫用手段。 薩克斯其萬省隱私及情報資訊官員狄克森（Gary Dickson）認為，那些攝影機將把當地轉變為監視社會：「它們製造恐怖氣氛，讓我們假定身邊每一個都是壞人。監視攝影機奪走我們的自由、特徵和隱私。」他並舉出瑞吉納大學（University of Regina）及一票地點為例，指出當地的公立機構完全無視隱私及情報資訊部的規定，它們到處亂設監視器、未徵求父母同意便拍攝那些孩子、也未按照條文安排適當的監視帶過目者、甚至非法保存或銷毀那些母帶。「光是安裝攝影機是不夠的。我們還需要完整政策。」狄克森指出。 這位官員親自訪查省內學校、醫院及其他公立機構，巡視那些攝影機的用處──或濫用之處──他表示，安裝攝影機的確能防止慣竊犯或暴力犯罪，但這種科技該是警方最後尋求的協助。另外，狄克森一趟走訪下來，發現多數地區的負責人都無法解釋他們設置攝影機的原因，「顯然他們沒有經過深思熟慮。」 部分負責校園電眼裝設的官員表示，已著手擬定公式政策，並希望能及早施行。總務總長拉巴也坦承，攝影機並非能解決所有問題的萬靈丹：「我認為一般人都存有對監視器的迷思，它們的確改善了部分行為，但麻煩並不會就這樣憑空消失。」他並指出薩斯卡通「絕對」有設立政策的需要。 華盛頓職業道德培訓企業Character Training Inc總裁普特南（Mark Putnam）就舉雙手贊成監視攝影機，「在走廊裝設閉路攝影機是非常恰當的，這樣校長才能確保強尼不會蹺了早上9點15分的生物課到廁所去遛達。」薩克斯其萬大學校園安全室負責人也非常同意，佛格森（Bob Ferguson）沾沾自喜地展示攝影機的神通廣大，只要點點自己的電腦滑鼠，佛格森能遙控校舍屋頂上的監視器，看到5百哩以外的汽車，甚至還能拉近瞧清楚它的車牌，「這真是新科技之美」，他讚歎。 佛格森進一步指出，雖然在兩年前裝設的350多座監視器並沒有降低校園犯罪率，但它們對於捉拿或指認犯人這點的確有功，曾經有位學生在實驗室丟了存有重要作業的記憶卡，那偷兒顯然害怕自己的影像透過攝影機被認出，因此又把記憶卡還回去了。 這位保安負責人認為，「對那些來到學校的清白人來說，這跟沒有人在監視的感覺沒兩樣。」然而，這種論調並不受歡迎，尤其是當它牽扯到學童的隱私權。「兒童容易受害，而這些影像資訊很可能落入不當用途。」發行美國《隱私期刊》的史密斯（Robert Ellis Smith）律師表示，「這真的很危險，我真不懂為什麼還有父母同意學校裝設攝影機。」 目前所有專家唯一達成的共識便是「薩克斯其萬省需要明確的政策」。華盛頓喬治城大學法學教授、同時也擔任電子個人隱私資料中心執行長的羅坦伯格（Mark Rotenberg）指出：「這種科技有其實質風險，它可能會創造出偷窺文化，讓有心人隱身攝影機後刺探所有人的隱私。這就是建立指導方針去限制監視器使用的最好的理由。」 （來源／The Star Phoenix） |
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| （回目錄） | |
| Who watches the watchers in surveillance society? | |
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在歐洲與美國的部份城市，一個人一天可能被監視攝影機錄了不下百次的身影，不過多數的時候也只是單純被拍到，並沒有實際上在監看的人。 然而，在「智慧錄影」出現後，事情就不一樣了。這種軟體只要在攝影機上看到不對的地方就會拉警報，這代表「老大哥」擁有更固定持久的監視機器，這也勢必讓個人隱私更缺乏保障。 這種新的「智慧錄影」系統結合了偵查科技與電玩軟體的學習能力，可以偵測是否有人在街上遊蕩、繞圈子走或放下包裹。新的收音技術也足以將槍聲從混合的音源中獨立分出，並策動攝影機立刻轉動，對準音源。其靈敏度甚至可能可以從群眾的噪雜話語中分出「爆裂物」的單字。 「沒有那麼多員工來盯著每一台攝影機」，美國芝加哥緊急行動主任安德魯‧維拉斯奎茲表示。「我們正朝著分析軟體的趨勢前進……這樣就可以讓特定的攝影機鎖定住特別怪異的行為，或是那些把行李箱丟在人行道上的人。」 自從911攻擊以來，美國紐約、華盛頓、洛杉磯、芝加哥，甚至一些較小的美國城鎮都已經被閉路攝影機所覆蓋。私人裝設的攝影機數量也在增加中。 這種被自由主義公民稱為「監視社會」的侵害隱私舉動，可能是那些害怕恐怖主義和犯罪的其他居民所願意容忍的手段。然而，隱私權專家表示，由隨時警戒的軟體來負責執行持續監視，也增加了無辜民眾遭到騷擾的風險。 「我才不想浪費錢弄這個。誤報次數會因為這種軟體而無限暴增。」「失去隱私」的作者大衛‧赫茲曼表示。「把合法的執法單位工作交給攝影機，是格外危險的。」 在芝加哥陰暗、無窗的監視中心，維拉斯奎茲則是滿心期待著使用這種新技術，畢竟這在其他地方有過成功經驗。根據「觀物」（ObjectView）公司的發言人指出，在美國佛羅里達州的傑克森維港，當地藉著將警報和即時畫面自動送到最近的巡警之PDA手上，而省下監看攝影機的人力。「觀物」是致力於智慧錄影的數十家公司之一，根據全球顧問公司Frost & Sullivan的估計，這項產業的銷售量將在5年內從6千萬美金飆漲至4億。 同時，德州正在評估一項試驗計劃，讓當地與墨西哥接鄰的無人地區監視畫面與網際網路接軌，並鼓勵瀏覽者如果發現了什麼動靜，就寄出電子郵件通知。「攝影機並沒有取代警官。它們基本上是增強的裝備，就像是多長了好幾雙眼睛一樣。」維拉斯奎茲表示。 芝加哥的監視中心每天24小時由資深警員待命。十幾個螢幕顯示著街角和球場，有些轉到了有線電視新聞或網頁。他們可以從上千台攝影機隨時擷取錄影畫面，並藉著商業大樓或店家裝設的私人攝影機擴展勢力。 維拉斯奎茲表示，他麾下的警員都有接受過隱私與基本權利的訓練。例如說，觀看私人住宅和公司都是違法的，數位紀錄也監控著警員的責任，並預防其他地方發生的濫用。 英國有420萬台政府裝設的攝影機，光是倫敦就有2百萬台。但研究顯示，男性監視人員有時會在從螢幕上死盯著女性，也有一些人對於弱勢族群過於注意。但隱私權專家也提出2002年的一份英國的研究，顯示監視攝影機並沒有讓整個犯罪率下降，它們能夠做的只是把犯罪推向沒有監視的地方。 「攝影機對處理犯罪案件有很大幫助，但對預防犯罪就沒那麼大功用。」美國公民自由聯盟的艾德‧永卡表示。但維拉斯奎茲反駁，他常常接到居民要求裝設攝影機，讓住宅周圍更安全。他表示，攝影機讓芝加哥近年的暴力犯罪減少，主因是攝影機協助警方對抗幫派，並阻止街頭非法藥物交易。但他沒提到的是，幫派活動在芝加哥郊區明顯增加。芝加哥的檢察官也表示，它們很少在法庭上使用監視攝影機作為影像證據。 在犯罪橫行的地帶，監視攝影機被放在防彈盒裡，上面還有藍色的閃燈。在鬧區，攝影機就沒有那麼咄咄逼人，不過兀立在公園噴泉上的一對攝影機，還是因為遭抗議破壞藝術而被撤走。 而隱私專家霍茲曼始終納悶，官方使用攝影機時要如何劃分監控犯罪者與偵測低危險犯罪的界線。他舉例，當一個離婚律師想要尋找對方外遇的證據時，並沒有任何法律能阻止他動用監視攝影機。「你多少要留給這個城市裡居民一點點亂搞的自由吧！」 （來源／路透社） |
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