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教育專題 ◎ 2007-05-18
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教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2007-05-18》

本期內容
  ◎國際專題:什麼都賣 eBay出賣象群生命eBay condemned for allowing "rampant" ivory trade 
  ◎伐木盜獵 送森林象上絕路 
  ◎中國需求大 帶動象牙盜獵China drives elephant poaching for ivory trade 



國際專題:什麼都賣 eBay出賣象群生命eBay condemned for allowing "rampant" ivory trade
  策劃、編譯■唐澄暐、侯美如
野生動物運動組織週二指出,知名線上購物網站eBay「象牙拍賣」蔓延,危及世界象群生命,目前陸地上現存體積最龐大的哺乳類動物,恐怕因此慢慢步入瀕臨絕種的陰影。

國際動物福利基金會(IFAW)表示,他們在一次研究中調查英、美、加、澳、中、德、法、荷,同時並追蹤eBay上列出的超過2千2百筆的象牙拍賣。IFAW發現,以上國家超過90%的象牙交易不但違反國際野生動物保護法,甚至連對交易平台eBay本身的野生動物政策都視而不見。

IFAW指出,雖然野生動物交易法大多相當複雜、且各國互異,但基本宗旨是,除非是附有年代證明的古董品,否則已雕刻或未加工象牙的一切買賣都是被禁止的。

不過,IFAW認為能防止盜獵者繼續為了奪取象牙而殺害象群的方法,便是關閉能輕易地把非法象牙當作「古董」而大剌剌在檯面上交易的市場。「身為全球最大的線上交易平台,eBay擁有特別的責任,該以身作則取締網站上的象牙交易。」IFAW英國區域主管馬爾斯蘭表示:「只有全面禁止網路象牙交易,才能讓現下的非法行為無所遁形,也才能真正幫助減少違法貿易以及那些殘忍且不必要的對象群的屠殺。」

對於保育團體的要求,eBay倫敦發言人史崔特發表聲明正面回應,eBay的貿易政策是「以現行的英國法及國際法規範象牙交易」,他並進一步指出:「我們已和IFAW進行數次正面及相當有結果的討論,商談將來如何合力確保eBay政策能確實實行,而我們也承諾將與IFAW共同處理非法象牙交易的問題。」

另一方面,馬爾斯蘭則是積極催促eBay儘快對網站內所有象牙交易項目下禁令:「大象正瀕臨絕種,而其中部分兇手正是網路象牙交易。現在該是我們行動的時候了。」

http://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSL1463250920070515

The elephant, the world's largest land mammal, is being threatened with global extinction by a "rampant trade" in ivory on the eBay online auction site, animal welfare campaigners said on Tuesday.

International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) said it had conducted a survey in Britain, Australia, China, Germany, the Netherlands, France, Canada and the United States and tracked more than 2,200 elephant ivory items listed on eBay websites.

It found more than 90 percent of the listings breached even eBay's own wildlife policies.

International wildlife trade laws differ from country to country and are often complex, but according to the IFAW in general it is illegal to sell carved or uncarved ivory unless it is antique and accompanied by a proof of age certificate.

The Fund says the only way to protect elephants from poachers is to shut down the markets where illegal ivory can easily be passed off as antique.

"As the world's largest online shop window, eBay has a special responsibility to lead the way by banning ivory from their sites, said Robbie Marsland, IFAW's British director.

"Only a global ban on all ivory sales will remove the cover under which this criminal activity currently operates and as a result, seriously help to decrease illegal trade and the cruel and unnecessary slaughter of elephants."

Gareth Streeter, a spokesman for eBay in London, said in a statement the Web site operated policies to "restrict the sale of ivory in accordance with existing UK and international law.

"We have had a number of positive and fruitful discussions with the IFAW about how we can work together to ensure that our policies are effectively enforced, and we are committed to working with them to tackle the problem of illegal ivory sales," he said.

Marsland urged eBay to ban all trade in ivory.

"Elephants are facing extinction, in part because of Internet ivory trade. It is time for action," he said.
(回目錄)



伐木盜獵 送森林象上絕路
   
根據期刊「科學公立圖書館」中發表的研究結果指出,剛果民主共和國快速蔓延的伐木道路已經成為叢林大象的「死亡高速公路」。伐木道路不止讓象牙獵人得以更深入偏遠的森林地帶,更引入了源源不絕的人類開發。

「缺乏規劃的路徑是森林大象的死亡高速公路。」研究首席作者,野生動物保育協會的生物學家史帝芬‧布雷克表示。「重點並不是在於這條路的物理影響,其實大象還滿喜歡吃路邊的植物。重點是在於這些缺乏規劃的路線,將人們以及他們攜帶的槍枝彈藥帶進森林中。這些道路也成為將人類開墾和野味市場送入叢林中的管道。」

一支研究隊伍走遍5國6千公里,範圍近6萬8千平方公里進行有系統的調查,他們發現大象的數量在靠近道路的地方減少,絕大多數是象牙盜獵的結果。儘管國際法律規範象牙交易,但由於中國的需求增加,象牙近年的交易量依舊增加。

研究者一共發現53個確認的盜獵營地,以及41頭死象(其中27頭確認遭到盜獵象牙)。在道路附近的大象數量明顯減少。「遭盜獵大象的屍體隨著遠離道路而減少……遠離道路45公里就沒有再發現盜獵的屍體。」報告中寫道。

研究者表示,當國家公園地區的道路效應極為明顯的同時,保護區的盜獵總數則有下降。研究建議,保育遭受威脅的森林大象,就應該一邊減少道路建設,同時在路旁建立更多保護區。

「我們的結果指出,非法屠殺和其他人類干擾對於森林大象數量及分布有明顯的衝擊,包括在國家公園境內。」文中指出。「但『巨大橫切』(即本次旅程)的資料認為,國家公園和保護都對於保育有正面貢獻,因為不管在多靠近道路的範圍內,保護區都能減少人類蹤跡的影響,並增加森林大象的記號,至少在剛果與加彭都有成效。」

作者表示,當乾旱莽原大象的數量在增加時,森林大象的處境則正好相反。這種大象體型較小,象牙較短較直,並僅棲息於西非至中非的熱帶雨林深處。「就算有了幾乎全球封鎖的象牙禁止交易,森林大象的分布範圍和數量都仍在嚴重減少。」報告寫道:「這個現象,和近日報導中普遍出現的『非洲象』正穩定在東南非成長的說法,形成強烈的對比。在某些案例中,過於戲劇化的大象增加還被說是『巨人的歸返』。」

「森林大象在生態上、社群上、型態上和基因上的區別……與非洲象物種的多樣性與韌性息息相關。比起莽原大象來說,森林大象的生態更為脆弱,因此以整個非洲大陸為規模的象群管理規劃時,其安全更必須獲得最高層級的保護。」

「在非洲的莽原上,大象數量和非法獵殺都可以用鳥瞰的方式來監控,然而在森林深處的大屠殺卻一直難以調查。」布雷克表示:「中部非洲的象群管理基金,相較於南非等保護完善的地區而言少了很多。」

這次的大象援助是由「監控非法獵殺大象」計畫贊助,並由歐盟委員會、世界野生動物基金會、國際野生動物保護學會,和美國漁業與野生動物局非洲象保護基金等單位贊助。這項研究是1989年以來首度進行的森林大象大型科學調查,當年估計的數量還有17萬頭。其後,就沒有再進行任何區域野外調查,然而這段期間內,大規模伐木、造路、人口增長和戰亂都沒有停止過。

http://news.mongabay.com/2007/0402-elephants.html
(回目錄)



中國需求大 帶動象牙盜獵China drives elephant poaching for ivory trade
   
根據美國華盛頓大學生物學家的新研究,有數千頭非洲象因為象牙而被殺害。在「國家科學學院公報」的網路版上,華盛頓大學保育生物學中心的主任山謬‧瓦瑟指出,大象被宰殺的速率是1989年國際象牙禁令以來的最高。

瓦瑟的報告指出,到2006年8月為止的一年中,官方查獲了2萬3千4百公斤的非法象牙。瓦瑟估計這只呈現了總交易量的10分之1,所以實際到獵的可能在23萬4千公斤,代表著2萬3千頭大象,也就是全非洲大象的5%遭到屠殺。

瓦瑟表示,中國對象牙的需求帶動了黑市,每公斤價格從1989年的一百美元,漲到2004年的兩百美元,更在2006年飆漲到每公斤750美元。這樣的暴利吸引了擅於非法交易網路的組織犯罪集團。

「如果真的是組織犯罪在背後操作的話,我們唯一阻止的希望就是從源頭中斷象牙,完全不讓其進入國際市場。一旦其進入國際市場,交易就難以阻擋。」瓦瑟表示。瓦瑟和其同僚正努力於用DNA測試來協助官方追蹤象牙來源。研究就發現2002年在新加坡破獲的6.5噸船運可能是從尚比亞來的。

「在查獲沒多久前,尚比亞曾請願許可在國際間販賣一些象牙庫存,據說那些庫存是在1989年之前禁令生效前就存在的。」華盛頓大學的證言中提道。「然而申請書中提到,過去10年來尚比亞非法獵殺的大象只有135頭,遠比因2002年這批象牙死去的大象要少。」

瓦瑟指出,貧窮國家尚比亞需要西方國家接受這筆交易。西方國家在1989年禁令後的4年間慷慨捐贈,成功地阻止了接下來幾年交易的增加,然而最後等到金援結束之後,盜獵又再次開始。

瓦瑟和同僚指出,恢復金援極為重要,但在出產象牙的非洲和消費象牙的亞洲兩地,應分別展開杜絕貿易和教育工作。

「當人們真正了解到正在發生的事情,他們可能會對身在其中感到羞恥。」瓦瑟表示。「我們不想整天花時間在捉犯人,我們想阻止犯罪發生。這才是最有效的援助。」在1970至1989年間,非洲象數量從130萬掉到60萬。目前估計的數量約在40至66萬之間。

Thousands of African elephants are being killed for their ivory tusks, according to a new study led by a biologist from the University of Washington.

In a paper published in the online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Dr. Samuel Wasser, director of the University of Washington Center for Conservation Biology, shows that elephants are being slaughtered at the highest rate since the international ban on the ivory trade took effect in 1989.

Wasser reports that authorities seized more than 23,400 kilograms (nearly 24 tons) of illegal ivory for the year ending in August 2006. Wasser reckons this number represents only about 10 percent of the total trade, so the actual amount of poached ivory probably is closer to 234,000 kilograms. To produce this volume of ivory means that 23,000 elephants -- about 5 percent of Africa's remaining population -- were killed.

Wasser says that Chinese demand for ivory is driving the black market where the material sells for $750 per kilogram, up from $100 in 1989 and $200 in 2004. The high prices have attracted organized crime which run sophisticated trafficking networks.

"If it really is organized crime that's driving this, then the only hope we have of stopping it is to stop the ivory at the source, to not let it into the international market. Because once it's in the international market, the trade is very hard to stop," said Wasser, who, along with colleagues, is working to help authorities track seized ivory to its source using DNA-testing. Their research suggests that a 6.5-ton shipment, which was busted in Singapore in 2002, probably came from Zambia.

"Shortly before the seizure, Zambia had petitioned for permission to sell its ivory stockpiles internationally, stockpiles that were supposed to have existed before the international ban took effect in 1989," explained a statement from the University of Washington. "But the application said only 135 elephants were known to have been killed illegally in Zambia in the previous 10 years, far fewer than would have had to be slaughtered to produce the ivory in just the single seizure in 2002."

Wasser says that Zambia, being a poor nation, needs Western help to address the trade. While Western Nations contributed generously in the four years after the ivory ban was implemented in 1989, their success in stopping the trade spawned complacency in subsequent years and eventually money for enforcement dried up and ivory poaching lacerated.

Wasser and colleagues say that while reinstatement of enforcement efforts is important, the key to tackling the illicit trade is education efforts in both Africa, where ivory is harvested, and Asia, where ivory is consumed.

"If people really realized what is happening they would be ashamed to be part of the crisis," he said. "We don't want to spend our time catching criminals, we want to stop the crime from happening. That's the most effective enforcement you can do."

Between 1970 and 1989, the African elephant population fell from 1.3 million to about 600,000 in 1989. The current population is estimated to be between 400,000 and 660,000. The African elephant is Earth's largest land animal.

http://news.mongabay.com/2007/0226-elephants.html
(回目錄)



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