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| 教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2007-07-06》 |
| 本期內容 | |
| ◎國際專題：被摧毀的世界遺產 | |
| ◎UNESCO removes Oman oryx sanctuary from heritage list | |
| ◎UN declares Ecuador's Galapagos islands in danger | |
| ◎Jakarta's forgotten Dutch heritage may get revamped | |
| 國際專題：被摧毀的世界遺產 | |
| 策劃、編譯■陳銳嬪、陳玫伶 | |
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有些國家把屬於一個國家的文化與自然生態視為重要資產，積極保存；但是也有一些國家縱然擁有豐富的歷史文化和自然生態環境，卻任其被破壞摧毀。 目前，對世界遺產的保存，除了取決於一個國家的政府外，聯合國所支持、教科文組織負責執行的《世界遺產名錄》或多或少對世界遺產的保存起了一些作用，喚起人們對我們對文化古蹟以及大自然生態的重視。 雖然有些國家把世界遺產視為一種榮譽甚至旅遊金字招牌，但是聯合國制定《世界遺產名錄》的用意其實是希望有關國家履行對遺產保護的承諾。今年6月，厄瓜多的加拉巴哥群島因為遊客大量湧入，危及島嶼上的獨特鳥類，而被聯合國列入瀕臨危險的世界自然遺產。 本期《國際專題》想要介紹的，是一個因為沒有盡到保護阿拉伯大羚羊的責任而被聯合國《世界遺產名錄》除名的阿曼阿拉伯大羚羊保護區；另外一個例子則是，雖然沒有列入世界遺產名錄，但是擁有豐富建築文化意涵的雅加達市舊建築物。這些建築物因為是殖民者留下來的遺跡，而不被現任印尼政府積極保存。 透過阿曼與印尼的例子，我們見到的是世界遺產的被破壞與摧毀。雖然這些被破壞的遺產消失並不會對身在台灣的我們造成任何影響，但是我們必須謹記的是，人類的生活是由過去的歷史文化構成的，地球上的生物也是屬於全人類的，我們必須吸取這些國家的教訓，更謹慎認真地保存屬於台灣的文化遺產以及保護我們所擁有的珍貴生物。 |
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| （回目錄） | |
| UNESCO removes Oman oryx sanctuary from heritage list | |
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Oman's Arabian Oryx sanctuary this week became the first site to be removed from UNESCO's World Heritage list after the rare species dwindled and the government cut the park size by 90 percent. The Arabian Oryx sanctuary was added to the list in 1994 but the United Nations cultural organization said that poaching and habitat degradation had led to a decline in numbers of Oryx. In 1996, the population was 450 but it has since fallen to 65 with only around four breeding pairs making its future viability uncertain, UNESCO said in a statement. There was no immediate comment from Oman's government on the sanctuary, the first site to be deleted since UNESCO's 1972 convention on the protection of cultural and natural heritage sites. "After extensive consultation with the state ..., the committee felt that the unilateral reduction in the size of the sanctuary and plans to proceed with hydrocarbon prospect ion would destroy the value and integrity of the property, which is also home to other endangered species including, the Arabian Gazelle and houbara bustard," it said. "The committee expressed regret that the state ... failed to fulfil its obligations regarding the conservation of the sanctuary as defined by the World Heritage Convention." Oman's Arabian Oryx project was established in 1979 by ruler Sultan Qaboos bin Said to re-establish a wild population of the rare antelope that had been hunted into extinction in the wild. Oryx that had been bred in captivity in the United States were released into the sanctuary in the ensuing years and in 1994 an official sanctuary was established, Oman's official Arabian Oryx Web site (www.oryxoman.com) said. But as the number of Oryx grew, they attracted more poachers who tried to catch them alive for sale outside Oman. "Adult females became a target although only a small number reached foreign markets alive," the site said. "Many were found dead having succumbed to capture stress or had just been dumped, trussed, in the desert by poachers trying to escape capture." REUTERS 阿曼阿拉伯大羚羊保護區的稀有大羚羊數量大減，加上阿曼政府把保護區面積減少了90％，致使聯合國做了一次史無前例的決定──把阿曼阿拉伯大羚羊保護區從《世界遺產名錄》中除名。 阿曼阿拉伯大羚羊保護區於1994年被聯合國教科文組織列入《世界遺產名錄》，但是偷獵行為以及棲息地日漸減少已經導致阿拉伯大羚羊的數量下降。 聯合國在文告中指出，在1996年，共有450頭阿拉伯大羚羊，目前只剩下65頭。這65頭中，只有4對是可以生育的，使到它的未來繁衍情況處於極度不確定當中。 阿曼阿拉伯保護區是聯合國於1972年開始致力保護世界文化以及大自然遺產後，第一個被除名的大自然遺產。至此為止，阿曼政府尚未對這件事發表評論。 聯合國指出，委員會在經過廣泛的評估後，認為阿曼政府單方面決定減少阿拉伯大羚羊保護區面積，使到供應碳氫化合物植物也跟著減少，將破壞這塊土地的完整性以及珍貴性。除了阿拉伯大羚羊，這裡也是其他瀕臨絕種生物如阿拉伯瞪羚和波斑鴇的家園。 聯合國委員會對拉曼政府沒有貫徹世界遺產公約以保護阿拉伯大羚羊的做法感到遺憾。 阿曼的統治者蘇丹卡布斯於1979年開始進行阿拉伯大羚羊保護計畫，希望可以增加這些因為被獵殺而日漸減少的稀有羚羊數量。 根據阿曼大羚羊的官方網站（www.oryxoman.com）顯示，大羚羊曾經被囚養在美國，在1994年官方的大羚羊保護區成立後，這些大羚羊釋放到此。 當這些阿拉伯大羚羊的數量一直成長時，它們吸引了偷獵者來生擒它們，並把它們販售到阿曼以外的地區。 根據官方網站紀錄，雌羚羊是偷獵者的主要目標，但是很少被捕獲的大羚羊可以活著被賣到國外市場。很多阿拉伯大羚羊不是在獵捕時因為掙扎而死，就是偷獵者要逃避被警方逮捕而把大羚羊困綁並拋棄在荒野中。 （路透社） |
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| （回目錄） | |
| UN declares Ecuador's Galapagos islands in danger | |
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The United Nations on Tuesday declared Ecuador's Galapagos islands in danger as booming tourism and immigration threaten giant tortoises and blue-footed boobies unique to the archipelago. "They are threatened by invasive species, growing tourism and immigration," UNESCO's world heritage committee meeting in New Zealand said a statement. The group consists of 13 main islands, 6 smaller islands, and 107 rocks and islets. The islands are located at a geological hot spot, a place where the earth's crust is being melted from below by a mantle plume, creating volcanos. The oldest island is thought to have formed between 5 and 10 million years ago. The youngest islands, Isabela and Fernandina, are still being formed, with the most recent volcanic eruption in 2005. The volcanic islands, located 625 miles (1,000 km) west of Ecuador's coast, inspired British naturalist Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. Ecuadorean Foreign Minister Maria Espinosa said the committee's statement "will help the government's efforts to solve the complex problems of the Galapagos." President Rafael Correa declared the islands at risk in April and has vowed to impose more rigorous population restrictions and temporarily suspend some tourism permits. The islands' growing tourism has lured thousands of workers' from the poor mainland to work in construction, restaurants and cruise ships. Some bring non-native species such as goat who compete for food with centenarian tortoises. "This is a good thing because it will highlight the islands' problems," said Linda Cayot, a science advisor with Galapagos Conservancy. "It will push not only Ecuador, but conservationist groups to support work there."REUTERS 人為活動頻繁 藍腳鰹鳥難生存 今年6月聯合國教科文組織在紐西蘭召開會議時，發布厄瓜多的加拉巴哥群島（Archipielago de Colon）列屬瀕臨危險的世界自然遺產，因為過多遊客和移民的人為活動，已威脅島嶼上獨特鳥類──藍腳鰹鳥──的生存環境。 加拉巴哥群島是達爾文著名的「物種原始」的發源地，由13個大島嶼、6個小島嶼和107個岩石小島所組成，位於太平洋東部的一個群島，離厄瓜多本土1,100公里。群島幾乎由火山熔岩形成，最古老的島嶼巨今約5百萬到1千萬年間，年代最近的是2005年火山爆發的熔岩形成的新興島嶼。 厄瓜多外交部長瑪利亞艾斯賓諾沙（Maria Espinosa）表示，這項聲明將有助厄國政府解決加拉巴哥群島上的危機。厄國總統柯利亞（Rafael Correa）亦表現該政府的努力，今年4月，加拉巴哥群島本年度島上居民針對移民入住規則進行公投，並限制觀光客人數。 島上與日俱增的觀光客人潮吸引厄國本土住民移居到島上謀生，投入建築、餐飲和遊輪行業，甚至帶進入外來物種，對環境食物鏈的平衡不利。 加拉巴哥群島自然資源保護資深顧問琳達蓋特說：「這其實是一件好事，使到島嶼上的問題不僅僅獲得厄瓜多政府本身的關注，亦吸引其他自然保育團體進駐協助。」 （路透社） |
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| （回目錄） | |
| Jakarta's forgotten Dutch heritage may get revamped | |
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It was once known as the "Queen of the East" because of its architectural splendour. But, today, the Indonesian capital's old Dutch quarters and once magnificent buildings are crumbling and dilapidated, with little trace of their time of glory when Jakarta was an international trading centre. "They're dying in front of your eyes. Some of these buildings have been rented out for gambling and prostitution," said Budi Lim, a conservation architect who has been involved in efforts to revive Old Town, or Kota Tua, for more than two decades. "Now is the time for the revival and renaissance of Kota." During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Jakarta, or Batavia as it was then known, was renowned for its picturesque Dutch colonial houses and tropical tree-lined streets. The city was dotted with grand mansions and country houses with wide verandahs, ideal for the warm climate, while palaces in the Greco-Roman classical style were also common features. Grand colonial-style government offices and Art Deco buildings stood side-by-side in the Old Town, while other treasures included a 16th century Chinese temple, old mosques and Moorish houses built by the descendants of Arab traders. Today, the polluted and congested metropolis of 9 million people, which swells to 14 million if the suburban population is included, isn't exactly a top draw on the tourist map. Jakarta's skyline is marked by gleaming glass-and-chrome skyscrapers towering over run-down buildings and slums, while the Old Town is a warren of abandoned warehouses, or gudangs, and rows of neglected shop houses near open sewers. One reason why the city's architectural heritage hasn't been preserved, like Paris or Rome, is because Indonesia wanted to erase all memories of its colonial past which ended in 1949 after 350 years of Dutch colonial rule, conservationists say. "At first, many nationalists were against the idea of conserving Dutch buildings," said Ella Ubaidi, who co-founded Jakarta Old Town Kotaku (JOK), a seven-member committee that actively pushes the government to revive the area. "They thought it was unpatriotic because it glorified the Dutch colonial past. But if more people come to the Old Town, more shops will open, and people can come to admire old buildings and shop, just like in Paris and Rome." ART GALLERIES, CRAFT WORKSHOPS But Jakarta may finally be a bit closer to getting the facelift conservationists have been dreaming about. As the city marks its 480th anniversary, conservationists have signed a preliminary pact with the government to revive the Old Town area. The team, which includes central bank deputy governor Miranda Goeltom and Lim, has drawn up a blueprint that aims to combine renovation and conservation with economic development and the promotion of art and culture in the old buildings. Lim envisions converting the abandoned historic buildings into art galleries and workshops for craftsmen. But the Kota Tua revival project is dependent on funds from the private sector, which may not be easy because most of the buildings are now owned by the government. Jakarta, which holds elections for a new governor in August, has a patchy conservation record. Only a small number of the city's 100 protected buildings have been preserved -- among them the 18th century Presidential Palace, along with the stunning National Archives building and neo-Renaissance arts theatre in the heart of Jakarta. Even if the old town is renovated, it may fail to draw tourists to a city notorious for its pollution and traffic jams. "The Old Town area is polluted and dirty. Streets are full of junk, beggars and homeless people," said Ubaidi, who has been at the forefront of efforts to revive the old city. "Many thugs lurk in this part of the city. They command each and every inch of the Old Town area -- they charge for parking, they ask for security fees from businesses and they also open the empty heritage buildings for homeless and charge them for space."REUTERS 印尼逐漸倒塌的荷蘭建築物 因為那兒輝煌壯麗的建築物，雅加達曾經被稱為「東方皇后」。但是如今走在這個曾經是荷蘭殖民地的印尼首都街上，昔日壯觀華麗的建築物已經殘破不堪，你無法想像這兒曾經是國際著名的商業中心。 「雅加達古城在我們眼前死去，有些舊建築物已經租給人們經營賭場以及賣淫中心。」參與雅加達古城保存超過20年的古蹟保存建築師林有禮（音譯）如是表示。 「現在該是復甦與復興這座城市的時候了。」 在19世紀末20世紀初，雅加達（或者在當時被稱為巴答維亞）最為人所知的是優美的荷蘭式建築以及充滿熱帶風情的街道。這個城市隨處可見有大陽台的豪華大宅以及鄉間別墅，這些建築物的設計十分符合熱帶的天氣。與此同時，希臘羅馬式的宮廷大宅也是當時流行的建築物樣式。 在舊城裡，宏偉的殖民式政府建築物與裝飾藝術建築物毗鄰而立。這座城市的珍寶還包括16世紀的華人廟宇、舊清真寺以及由阿拉伯商人後代所興建的摩爾式建築。 今日，雅加達是一個擠滿9百萬人，污染且擁擠的都市。如果把近郊的人口加入的話，雅加達的人口將高達1千4百萬，這樣的城市卻無法在旅遊地圖中沾上邊。 雅加達的天際都是高聳入雲的高樓大廈，在它們腳底下的是破舊的建築物和貧民窟。與此同時，舊城市的污水管旁都是廢置的倉庫和一整排被棄置的店鋪。 這個地方的建築古蹟沒有像巴黎或者羅馬一樣被保存，根據保育份子的分析，其中一個原因是，印尼想要抹去長達350年，在1949年結束的荷蘭殖民地歷史。 「舊雅加達是我的城市」（JOK）發起人伊拉烏拜蒂說：「剛開始的時候，很多民族主義者反對保存荷蘭式建築。」共有7個組織要求政府讓該區恢復活力，她是其中一員。 她說，這些民族主義者認為修復荷蘭建築物是不愛國的，因為我們正在讚美被殖民的過去。但是她指出，如果更多人來到舊城，更多商店將會開張，人們可以像在巴黎與羅馬一樣，到這裡來欣賞舊建築與商店。 但是雅加達距離市容換新貌的日子還是差了那麼一點點。 在這個城市慶祝建城480週年之際，保育份子與政府簽署了初步契約以恢復舊城市地區的活力。這些團隊成員包括了中央銀行的副總裁梅蘭達‧高通以及林有禮，他們勾畫的藍圖希望涵蓋商業的創新與保存，以及在舊建築物內推廣藝術及文化。林有禮的目標是把這些廢置的歷史建築物轉換成藝術家的工作室。 舊城市的重建計畫資金來自私人界，但是舊建築的擁用權卻在政府手上，令這個計畫不易施行。 雅加達即將在今年8月舉行新省長選舉，比照過往，這個城市的古蹟保存記錄並不太好。在一百個受保護的建築物中，只有少數獲得保存，這其中包括18世紀的總統官邸、美輪美奐的國家檔案館以及處在雅加達市中心的仿文藝復興時期的美術館。 就算這個城市重新改造，它還是難以吸引遊客，因為這個城市依然有惡名昭彰的汙染以及交通阻塞問題。 站在最前線努力恢復雅加達光采的烏拜蒂說：「舊城市地區汙染以及骯髒。街道上堆滿廢物、乞丐以及遊民。很多流氓潛伏在這個城市，他們控制這個城市的每個地方，他們收取泊車費、向商家收取保護費，並且在古蹟建築物內開設遊民收容所，向遊民收取住宿費。」（路透社） |
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