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══════════════════【立報】═══════════════════ |
| 教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2007-07-20》 |
| 本期內容 | |
| ◎殖民地的惡法陰魂不散 | |
| ◎馬來西亞釋放4名前伊斯蘭祈禱團嫌犯 | |
| ◎馬來西亞最近侵害人權事件 | |
| ◎內安法令小百科 | |
| ◎菲律賓新反恐法激起民憤 | |
| 殖民地的惡法陰魂不散 | |
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台 灣走過解嚴20年，享受到如今民主政治自由的果實，也見證了自由所帶來的亂象。但是在世界其他地方，還是有一些國家的國民還在與惡法苦苦戰鬥。本期國際專題想帶大家到東南亞的菲律賓與馬來西亞，看看這兩個曾經是殖民地的國家如何面對惡法。 曾經是美國殖民地的菲律賓，在今年7月13日通過了侵害人權的《人類安全法》（又稱反恐法），引起了國民的抗議；而曾經受到英國統治的馬來西亞國民，則一直努力推動廢除由英殖民政府所留下來的《內部安全法令》。 這些國家的例子可以警惕我們，台灣現在的自由民主得來不易，我們不要走回解嚴前的來時路。 |
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| （回目錄） | |
| 馬來西亞釋放4名前伊斯蘭祈禱團嫌犯 | |
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據馬來西亞「廢除內安法令聯盟」人權團體指出，馬來西亞今年6月釋放了4名未經審訊而被扣留5年的伊斯蘭祈禱團嫌犯。 以馬來西亞為基地，長期以來致力推動廢除「內部安全法令」的「廢除內安法令聯盟」表示，有關當局沒有說明為什麼這4名嫌犯會被釋放。馬國政府在較早前曾經說過，只要扣留者不再對國家造成威脅將會被釋放。 馬國使用英殖民政府以前在動亂時刻對付共產黨的「內部安全法令」，在911事件之後扣留了許多伊斯蘭祈禱團嫌犯。該聯盟對這4名從2002年初就入獄的扣留者獲釋感到滿意，但是他們提醒，仍然有許多未經審訊就被扣者還在監獄中。 該聯盟在文告中指出，他們對政府選擇性地釋放內安法令扣留者感到不解。馬國內政部部長表示，他對這些之前被懷疑涉及伊斯蘭祈禱團的人員被釋放沒有意見。 伊斯蘭祈禱團是一個以印尼為基地的武裝團體，他們希望建立跨東南亞的伊斯蘭國家。 亞洲與西方國家指責該團體發動一系列攻擊，包括2002年在峇厘島導致超過2百人喪生的爆炸事件。去年10月，馬來西亞在齋戒月結束的時候也釋放了17名軍事嫌犯。（路透社） Malaysia frees 4 former Jemaah Islamiah suspects KUALA LUMPUR, June 22 (Reuters) - Malaysia has freed four people held without trial under a tough security law for five years over suspected ties to the Jemaah Islamiah militant network, a rights group said on Friday. The Malaysia-based GMI group, which has been campaigning against the security law, said the authorities did not say why the four had been released. The government has said in the past it would release detainees if they no longer posed a threat. Malaysia has used the Internal Security Act, a legacy of its counter-insurgency campaign against the communists during British colonial times, to lock up dozens of suspected Islamic militants since Sept. 11, 2001. The rights group welcomed the release of the four who had been in custody since early 2002, but said there were scores of others still under detention without trial. "The GMI is annoyed by the selective releases of the ISA detainees," the group, known by its Malay acronym GMI, said in a statement. A spokesman at Malaysia's Internal Security Ministry said he had no immediate comment on the release of the men, earlier believed to be linked with the Jemaah Islamiah. JI is an Indonesia-based militant group fighting for creation of an Islamic superstate across parts of southeast Asia. Asian and Western authorities blame the group for a series of attacks including the 2002 bombings that killed more than 200 people on Indonesia's resort island of Bali. Last October, Malaysia released 17 suspected militants held under the security law as a gesture to mark the end of the Muslim fasting month of Ramadan. REUTERS |
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| （回目錄） | |
| 馬來西亞最近侵害人權事件 | |
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馬來西亞前副首相安華秘書陳仁義於今年7月13日，在辦公室被3名沒有出示警員證的便衣警員帶走。 警方爾後援引《1972年官方機密法令》第8條款，以擁有官方機密文件的名義向推事庭申請得4天拘留令逮捕陳仁義，惟他已在7月17日下午獲准口頭保釋。 陳仁義遭警方逮捕疑是與網際網路上一篇指責國內安全部次長佐哈裏（Mohd Johari Baharum）受賄以釋放3名遭警方以緊急法令逮捕的黑幫頭目的文章有關，該篇文章的題目為《最有權力卻最貪污的副部長》，裏面還列出了3個經典案例，指佐哈裏濫用權力且收取了馬幣550萬元（約新台幣5,257萬3,295元） 的賄款。 國際特赦組織馬來西亞分會譴責警方逮捕及拘留陳仁義的「先逮捕後調查」作風，侵犯了陳仁義的人身自由，而且員警總部無法說明陳仁義遭警方逮捕及扣留的6小時內的情況，形同「強迫失蹤」（enforced disappearance）。 根據《聯合國保護人人免於強迫失蹤宣言》（The United Nations Declaration on the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance）第一條款說明，強迫失蹤導致一個人無法受到法律保護，而且也可能對他和家人造成嚴重傷害；這違反了國際法律保證及承認一個人在法律前所能享有的權利。 （陳銳嬪整理） |
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| （回目錄） | |
| 內安法令小百科 | |
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馬來西亞和其他國家一樣，存在著明顯抵觸正義和人權的法律，最顯著的例子就是《1960年內部安全法令》。《內安法令》不公正，那是因為它否定了人權；也就是說，每個人受審訊或被提控時，法庭應採用正常法律程式審理，但是《內安法令》卻否定了這項人權。 長期推動廢除《內安法令》的「廢除內安法令聯盟」堅持立場，認為《1960年內部安全法令》是一道殘酷的法律，不僅能未經審訊扣留一個人，而被扣留者也沒有辯護的機會；因此，政府不但不應該使用《1960年內部安全法令》，更應該廢除它。 前國民醒覺運動主席詹德拉穆紮法（Chandra Muzaffar）說，每當我們批評政府對「法治」所採取的錯誤態度時，政府領導人往往會為他們的立場辯護，說：為了國家穩定，有必要利用《1960年內安法令》、《1948年煽動法令》、《1984年印刷機與出版法令》等法律限制基本人權。 詹德拉表示，《內安法令》違反正義，侵蝕基本人權，不符合法治。更甚的是，它常被當權者所濫用。近30多年來的事態發展，證明了這點。除了《內安法令》以外，還有許多其他違反正義和侵犯基本人權的法律。 |
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| （回目錄） | |
| 菲律賓新反恐法激起民憤 | |
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人權記錄原本就不佳的菲律賓政府，最近通過了新的反恐法，令它召來更多批評，擔心此法會被用來箝制異己。 在上週五，數百名人士示威抗議新通過的《人類安全法》（Human Security Act，又稱反恐法）允許政府在未經審訊的情況下，可以把涉嫌涉及恐怖活動的人士扣留在監獄短至3天，或者長達40年。 此法於7月15日開始正式生效。 「我向上天祈禱，人們會關注此事，我可以找到佐納，而《人類安全法》將不會施行。」依荻達‧布柯斯如是說。他的兒子是社會運動者，目前已經失蹤超過2個月。 佐納是菲律賓北部左翼農民組織的一份子，一般相信，他於4月28日被政府軍隊「黑色小組」帶走，從此就音訊全無。黑色小組是人們對穿著平民服裝卻身懷武器或者是蒙面騎機車者的稱呼，這些人會拐帶左翼人士或者對左翼人士開火。 但是軍隊否認佐納（37歲）的失蹤與他們有關。「我相信我的兒子還活著，我祈禱我發現他的時候，他還是活著的。」佐納的母親如此告訴路透社。「那種痛苦是無法承受的，如果不是靠著信仰，我想我會崩潰。感謝我的信仰也感謝給我支持的人。」 當地的人權組織表示，自從總統雅羅育於2001年上台之後，已經有大約2百名學生、工會成員和農民領袖宣告失蹤。於此同時，那段時間也有超過8百名左翼人士被殺害。 聯合國在2月份的特別報告指出，軍方應該對這些法律之外的死亡負責。軍方否認這項指控，並把原因歸咎於毛派反叛軍的內亂。 雅羅育於3月簽署反恐法成為法律，但是把此法的生效日期延到5月14日國會選舉的2個月後，藉此向對手保證，這項法律不會用來對付他們。 國會的立法程序已經欲振乏力長達11年，美國與其他西方國家也批評菲律賓對全球反恐行動非常不積極。該國主要積極對抗的是－在南部的伊斯蘭教軍隊以及遍佈全國的共產黨反抗軍。 2000年開始，超過350名菲律賓人在120起的爆炸事件中喪生。這些爆炸事件主要發生在南部，被認為是伊斯蘭教軍隊所為。共產黨反抗軍的目標不是平民，但是他們會使用地雷攻擊安全部隊。 除了沒有審訊的扣留和惡劣的監獄環境，反恐法也允許安全部隊調查反恐份子或者恐怖組織源頭的銀行戶口。電子監督系統在法庭同意後，也可以應用在這些嫌犯身上。 「如果你沒有打算進行非法勾當，你沒有感到害怕的理由。」政府反恐法的發言人利佳多‧卞佳洛如是說。他表示，他們有足夠的防禦措施以免此法被安全部隊濫用。其中一個保障條文是，如果一個人被錯誤扣留，他可以獲得每天50萬比索（約美金1萬8百元）的賠償。 此外，他也補充說，一些執法團體還投訴說，防禦措施有太多限制，應該改進。 雖然如此，反恐法還是遭到嚴厲的批評。 大約5百名左翼份子上週五在馬尼拉舉行了抗議遊行，要求立法者取消此法案並停止該法案的施行。左翼領袖卡羅。阿勞洛表示：「這個法案踐踏人權。政府將利用它來對付敵人和政敵，此法只是變相的地下軍事法。」 雅羅育的前盟員－馬爾。羅薩參議員也指出，政府過去的人權記錄已經導致人們對它觀感很差。政府一再觸碰人權底線只會讓人們更加害怕和憤怒。我們寧願在人權方面犯錯也好過培養暴政。 （路透社） New anti-terror law raises hackles in Philippines MANILA, July 13 (Reuters) - The Philippine government, already under fire for a poor human rights record, is coming in for more criticism as it implements a new anti-terror law many fear could be used against political opponents. Hundreds of people held a protest on Friday against the Human Security Act that allows detention of suspects without charge for up to three days and provides for up to 40 years in jail for anyone convicted of terrorism. The law comes into force on Sunday. "I pray that the Lord would enlighten the people concerned and Jonas would be found and that the Human Security Act would not be implemented," said Edita Burgos, whose activist son has been missing for over two months. Jonas Burgos, a member of a left-wing farmers' group in the northern Philippines, is widely believed to have been picked up by a military "black squad" on April 28, and has not been heard of since. Black squads is the term used for armed men in civilian clothes or masked men on motorcycles who have been seen picking up left-wing activists or firing at them. The military has denied it has anything to do with the missing 37-year-old Burgos. "I believe my son is still alive and I pray that I recover him alive," his mother told Reuters. "The pain is really unbearable. If it were not for our faith, then I guess we would really break down. Thank God for our faith and thank God for you people out there." A local human rights group has said about 200 students, trade union and peasant leaders have disappeared since President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo came to power in 2001. More than 800 left-wing activists have been killed during the same period. A U.N. special rapporteur on extrajudicial killings said in February the military was responsible for many of the deaths. The military has denied the allegations and has blamed Maoist rebels for most of the killings, calling it an internal war. NOTHING TO FEAR Arroyo signed the anti-terror legislation into law in March, but postponed its implementation until two months after congressional elections on May 14 to assure the president's political opponents it would not be used against them. While the legislation was languishing in Congress for 11 years, the Philippines was criticised by the United States and other Western governments as the weak link in the global fight against terrorism. The country is fighting Islamic militants in the south and communist rebels across the country. Since 2000, more than 350 Filipinos have died in about 120 bombings blamed on Muslim militants, mostly in the south. The communist rebels do not target civilians but have been known to carry out land mine attacks against security forces. Besides detention without charges and harsh jail sentences, the law allows security forces to investigate bank accounts of suspected terrorists or organisations used as financial conduits. Electronic surveillance is also allowed but only after court approval. "There's nothing to fear if you are not planning anything illegal," said Ricardo Blancaflor, defence undersecretary and the spokesman for the government's anti-terror task force. He said there were enough safeguards to prevent security forces from abusing the law, adding some law enforcement agencies were complaining it was too restrictive and could work against them. One safeguard allows anyone wrongfully detained to receive 500,000 pesos ($10,800) compensation for each day in custody. Nevertheless, the law is coming in for severe criticism. About 500 left-wing activists marched in Manila on Friday and held a protest rally, demanding lawmakers repeal the act and stop its implementation. "It's a bill that will trample on the rights of the people," said left-wing leader Carol Araullo. "It will be used by the government against its enemies, its political enemies. It is tantamount to undeclared martial law." Senator Mar Roxas, a former ally of Arroyo, said: "The government already suffers from highly negative public perceptions in regard to its human rights record. "To push the limits further would only breed more fear and anger among the people. Better to err on the side of human rights than to breed tyranny." REUTERS |
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