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教育專題 ◎ 2007-08-03
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教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2007-08-03》

本期內容
  ◎拖網漁船和工業 破壞印度海龜的安樂窩 
  ◎環保組織密切關注杜拜人造群島 



拖網漁船和工業 破壞印度海龜的安樂窩
  策劃、編譯■陳銳嬪、陳玫伶
炙熱的沙灘上散佈著海龜屍體,蛋殼破裂後遺留下白色碎片。流浪狗也來這佈滿白色碎片的沙灘上湊熱鬧,牠們在這兒挖個凹洞,捲著身子睡覺。

10年前,沙灘上盡是天然美景入眼簾,大自然中別緻的物種──數以千計的欖蠵龜(Olive Ridley turtles)在晚上上岸築巢產卵。

在印度奧里薩邦沿岸,有3個地點是欖蠵龜慣於築巢產卵的地區。1995年以前,海龜一直按照以往的路徑孕育牠們的下一代。然而這些年,情勢有了些微變化。

欖蠵龜在奧里薩邦上岸繁殖的數量位居世界第一,但隨著工業化迅速發展、政府忽視保育工作等因素,使得海龜成為生態失衡下的犧牲品。

少數的海龜今年在加賀瑪沙提早上岸了,但是現場一處檢查拖網漁船的海運公司以及建造港口的工業對該處生態造成了無可回復的生態浩劫,海龜的生命岌岌可危。

目前,海龜遲遲還沒有出現在魯希庫利亞沿岸,如果今年海龜依舊不出現,近10年內就有3年海龜沒有登岸繁殖下一代,意味著海龜數量可能年漸稀少。

保育人士心急著海龜不來的時候,自去年11月底,靠近魯希庫利亞沿岸的沙灘上,發現近8千隻的海龜屍體,保育人士認為這些海龜被拖網漁船的漁網絆住而溺水致死。

在保育機構工作的蒙漢帝(Biswajit Mohanty)表示:「因為人類在海灘及海岸進行的活動愈來愈多,奧里薩邦海岸烏龜的生存環境已經在危急關頭。」

綠色和平組織的報告指出,過去12年來,超過12萬隻的海龜已消失在奧里薩邦海岸上,絕多數是死於拖網漁船的漁網下,而實際消失的數量可能更高。

拖網漁船除了絆住海龜的活動空間,還會分散海龜原本群聚繁殖的習性。在德維岸區的海龜受到這類漁船威脅的現象尤其顯著。儘管海龜在印度和老虎一樣,屬於保育類動物,但是現階段政府並沒有施行任何措施來保護牠們。

幾年前一份報告統計,漁民們使用的捕魚刺網下一次水就會殺死265隻動物,殺傷力超強。雖然違規的漁船和魚刺網會被扣押,可是幾個月後,漁民們依舊一如往常地補魚。

當林務局為了預防龍捲風侵襲,在德維岸區大量種植木麻黃樹的時候,無形地造成海龜產卵空間變小,培育小海龜的生態轉變得極不平衡。而魯希庫利亞岸區自然環境的消長使得海龜漸漸不喜歡到此產卵。

在德維岸區,傳統漁夫對拖網漁船和保育機構的態度一樣厭惡,漁民們表示拖網漁船搶了他們原本主要維生的高級魚種,魚種的數量漸漸變得稀少。

當記者採訪時,漁民們迫切地展示出他們所使用的漁網,這些魚網有別於大漁船使用的纖維漁網,並不會影響海龜產卵,與傳統漁網的殺傷力相比根本是小巫見大巫。

「我們希望海龜不要絕種,因為有海龜的地方就會有魚種。」漁夫本菈(Jagabondhu Behra)說道。綠色和平組織亦表示,同屬於食物鏈中的海龜和魚種是互相抗衡的物種。類似加賀瑪沙岸區的地方區要進行保育工作,可以限制魚獲量以維持生態平衡,其他地區則無法施行類似作法。

在2004年,高等法庭建議拖網漁船應該在20公里以外的外海才能進行捕魚工作,使用傳統捕魚網工作的漁船則不在此限。政府試圖在保育工作和人民生計當中取得平衡,所以設立該項規定,但拖網漁民根本不予理會。

綠色和平組織表示:「除非海龜或漁民在環境中成為犧牲者,否則這個問題無法獲得改善。」

奧里薩邦的省長班奈(Naveen Patnaik)表示他沒有注意到保育海龜的條文並未強力執行,保育人士聽到其反應表示失望,因為他們已經投入為海龜請願多年。

奧里薩邦的挑戰並不只是保育欖蠵龜,它也是印度最貧窮的區域,因此熱切地想要發展工業和礦業,這將同時破壞了寶貴的自然生態。省政府預計要設立幾處港口,讓丹拉成為印度西岸最繁榮的轉運海港,而加賀瑪沙保育區距離新興港口只有12公里,生態如何保存,是一大重要難題。

探測油源的工作在海龜生態研究還沒完成就開始進行,今年觀察到的14萬海龜上岸產卵,和往年的23萬隻差距甚大,蒙漢帝說:「海龜無法適應環境巨大的崩解,我們確信牠們會漸漸不再來這裡產卵了。」

(路透社)

The scattered carcasses of dead turtles bake on the hot sand. Scraps of the white shells of turtle eggs surround a hole where stray dogs have dug up a nest.

Until a decade ago, this beach on India's east coast used to witness one of nature's most spectacular sights -- the mass nesting of tens of thousands of Olive Ridley turtles on a single night.

Not since 1995 has that happened. These days just a handful of turtles come to the beach at Devi to nest, and its status as one of three main nesting sites for the Olive Ridleys in India's coastal state of Orissa is under threat.

Orissa is one of the few remaining mass nesting sites for the Olive Ridleys in the world. But the situation on its other beaches is not much better, with turtles falling victim to government neglect and rapid industrialization.

Fewer turtles than normal arrived this year at the nearby beaches of Gahirmatha, where a marine sanctuary has failed to check illegal fishing by trawlers, and the construction of a large port nearby presents a major environmental threat.

No mass nesting has yet been seen on the southern beach of Rushikulya, and time is running out if that beach is not to witness its third "no-show" in just over a decade.

At the same time more than 8,000 carcasses have been washed ashore since November, most caught and drowned in the nets of trawlers fishing too close to the shore, conservationists say.

"Because of an increase in human activity in the sea and along the coast, the very survival of Orissa's sea turtles is at stake," said Biswajit Mohanty of the Society of Orissa.

Greenpeace says more than 120,000 turtles have been washed up dead on Orissa's shores in the past 12 years, most caught in the nets of trawlers which the law says should not be there. Total deaths may have been significantly higher.

The trawlers also scatter the turtles as they gather in offshore waters to nest, and rampant trawling is thought to be a major reason for the demise of Devi.

But although turtles enjoy the same level of protection under Indian law as tigers, Mohanty said there was simply no enforcement or political will to protect them. A single gill net was found to contain 265 dead animals a few years ago.

"Boats are seized, nets are seized, but then they are released after a couple of months," he said. "Not a single conviction has taken place."

TRADITIONAL FISHERMEN

Other factors are at work too.

The forest department may unwittingly have contributed to the demise of Devi when they planted casuarina trees on the beach in a bid to protect nearby villages from cyclones. That narrowed the beach and made much of it unsuitable for nesting.

Natural erosion of the beach at Rushikulya, steepening the incline, may have discouraged landings this year.

But at Devi, traditional fishermen hate the trawlers every bit as much as Mohanty.

They say their catch has fallen sharply since trawlers came and is worth perhaps half what it was five years ago, while more expensive fish like pomfret and hilsa have all but vanished.

They eagerly show Reuters how easily their flimsy nets rip, showing they present no danger to the turtles, unlike the multi-fiber nets of the industrial boats.

"We want the turtles to remain, because wherever there are turtles there are fish," said 32-year-old Jagabondhu Behra.

This is evidence, Greenpeace says, that it is not a question of pitting people against turtles. Some areas like Gahirmatha need to be protected to allow fish stocks room to recover, but in other areas a balance can be struck.

In 2004 the Supreme Court recommended that trawlers be kept at least 20 km (12 miles) away from nesting beaches, but traditional fishermen be allowed closer to shore. The rules, which strike a balance between conservation and livelihood concerns, are supported by Greenpeace but ignored by trawlermen.

"There is no reason to subscribe to the defeatist attitude that the problem cannot be tackled unless either turtles or fishermen are sacrificed," said Sanjiv Gopal of Greenpeace.

Challenged on the subject, Orissa Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik said he was unaware that laws meant to protect turtles were not being enforced.

The response failed to impress campaigners who say they have been petitioning him on the subject for years.

Yet there is another and potentially even more serious threat to the Olive Ridleys' future in Orissa.

The state, one of India's poorest, is rushing to industrialize and exploit its vast mineral wealth.

Plans are advanced to open seven new ports, including what could become the biggest on the east coast at Dhamra, just 12 km (7 miles) from the Gahirmatha sanctuary.

Oil exploration has also begun off the coast, before studies have been completed of the effects on turtle migration.

This year just 140,000 turtles nested at Gahirmatha, Mohanty said, compared to 230,000 the year before.

"We are very convinced turtles will eventually abandon the nesting beach," he said. "They are never going to adapt to that level of disruption."
(回目錄)



環保組織密切關注杜拜人造群島
   
沿著杜拜海岸興建的巨型人造島嶼不止獲得名人關注,環保人士更為此感到不安。環保人士認為,這個人造結構體如此龐大,彷彿從外太空中也能看到它。

裘美拉棕櫚小島是3個棕櫚型小島中最早完工的,據發展商納基爾(Nakheel)指出,這個小島比紐約中央公園大一倍半,將會容納成千上萬的豪華公寓、海邊度假村、高價位飯店以及餐廳。

根據法新社報導,這座以世界地圖為原型的群島,是杜拜努力成為區域商業和旅遊中心的計畫之一。其他奢侈的計畫包括建在高柱上的房子、小艇碼頭、購物中心、水上主題樂園、運動設施、溫泉浴場、戲院、木板路、單軌鐵路以及數處潛水的所在。

納基爾表示:「靠著主打豪華和休閒,社會名流已經開始排隊,可以吹噓的名人有英國足球明星貝克漢和歐文,印度寶萊塢超級巨星沙魯克汗,他們都對這個計畫深感興趣。其他有興趣的名人有流行天王麥可傑克森、賽車手舒馬克、演員摩根費里曼和丹佐華盛頓,以及模特兒歐蜜坎貝兒。」

這個計畫需要從阿拉伯聯合大公國的採石場或者波斯灣地底,挖掘無數深埋數千公尺的岩石和沙來建造群島,使環境保護者感到興趣缺缺。

野生動物保護團體告誡說,大量且深入地挖掘會破壞海洋生態,而其他專家也警告說,當人們大量湧入這個度假勝地時,當地的環境是否足以負荷增加的人口與環境壓力。

「古努」龍捲風今年7月初造訪鄰近的阿曼,導致49人喪生,而阿聯酋的西岸也受到巨浪衝擊,這些事件引發人們對脆弱的海岸線如何面對自然災害的關注。

阿聯酋潛水協會(EDA)環保義工奧朱比指出:「很多國家已經同意,氣候暖化是人類活動造成的。我希望在設計這個計畫的時候,這個論點會被加入。」阿聯酋潛水協會是受聯合國承認的組織,目標是推廣波斯灣地區海洋資源的永續發展。

朱比表示,成千上萬的人遷移到這些小島將會對阿聯酋的水和能源供應造成壓力,製造更多的污染和一般廢棄物。

阿聯酋有7個會員國,杜拜是其中一員。根據2004年世界自然基金會對阿聯酋的永續環境評估,阿聯酋的生態環境變化是世界最大的。世界自然基金會警告,阿聯酋在不到30年的時間,從自給自足的漁業、綠洲中的農業和飼養家畜的傳統經濟轉變為一個現代,高度都市化的國家,已經對環境造成影響。一些區域重要的沿岸地區也已經面對旅遊業發展帶來的威脅。

納基爾表示,他們會盡最大的努力來維持環境的永續發展和把對生態環境的傷害減到最低。該公司內部環境部門首長利能漢指出:「我們進行這個計畫時所有的想法和工程都是具開創性的,我們其實有一個隱藏的目標,那就是為環保成效設立一套新標準。」

他說:「來自裘美拉棕櫚小島兩座海水淡化設備的用水將經過處理,用在灌溉和空氣調節上。我們只會雇用有再循環政策的廢物管理公司。此外,這個小島將會擁有包括地鐵在內的整合交通系統。」

利能漢認為,這個計畫不止不會破壞海洋生態,反而會吸引新的海洋生物。「12種珊瑚和50種魚類目前住在裘美拉棕櫚小島的岩石防波堤附近,並吸引了鯊魚、烏賊和梭魚來到這兒。」

過去3年,肯亞人巴席爾都到杜拜海岸潛水,他覺得工程帶來的淤泥影響了該地的水質。「我們通常會潛到10公里(6英里)的海底觀賞船骸,以前在10公尺的能見度下可以看得很清楚。但是現在,有時連自己的手指頭都看不到。」

但是他也承認一些正面的發展,這個計畫製造了一個新的自然生態環境,吸引鯊魚、海豚、魟魚和水母等來到附近。「短期內,事情並不太好;但是長期來看,我覺得事情並不會太糟。」

利能漢反駁當地媒體報導指熱帶風暴如「古努」和地球暖化所帶來的海平面高漲將會對人工群島帶來嚴重威脅。他說,這些島嶼是建在海面相對平靜的波斯灣。「島嶼的設計可以抵擋4.5公尺(15英尺)高的海浪。在下世紀,保守估計海平面將會升高0.6公尺(23英吋),我們的設計超過這個高度。」
(回目錄)



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(回目錄)



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