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| 教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2007-08-31》 |
| 本期內容 | |
| ◎國際專題：人民王妃的叛逆與勇氣 | |
| ◎反地雷大使黛妃逝世10周年，地雷使用減少 | |
| ◎生前與死後，黛妃都在撼動溫莎王朝 | |
| 國際專題：人民王妃的叛逆與勇氣 | |
| 策劃、編譯■陳銳嬪、陳玫伶 | |
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今天是「人民王妃」黛安娜逝世10週年紀念日，這期專題就讓我們來看看這位美麗英國平民女子的叛逆與勇氣，看看她如何影響英國王室，推動王室的現代化進程。更重要的是，看她如何拋棄尊貴的王室形象，與弱勢者如愛滋病患、漢生氏病人以及地雷受害者站在一起，展現「人民王妃」最根本的精神。 黛妃已逝，但是她關懷弱勢者的精神卻留了下來。而我們，請不要忘記，給弱勢者獻上風中的蠟燭，照亮他們的未來路。 |
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| （回目錄） | |
| 反地雷大使黛妃逝世10周年，地雷使用減少 | |
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今年是黛安娜王妃逝世第10年，也是國際反地雷公約「渥太華公約」簽署10周年的日子。根據專家的說法，目前相信只有少數的反抗軍以及一個國家膽敢使用這個已經被世人排斥的武器。 地雷難以偵查、不易清除，主要的設計是讓人殘廢而不是要人命，它可以掩埋在土裡數十年。反地雷運動者估計，每年依舊有1萬5千到2萬的民眾因地雷而死或受傷，雖然這些國家戰亂已歇。 清除地雷組織表示，要將世界上兩個擁有數量最多國家──南非的安哥拉和東南亞的柬埔寨──的地雷清除乾淨，可能需要另外一個10年。安哥拉和柬埔寨都曾經歷漫長的內亂，如今內亂結束，清除地雷工作才要開始；但是目前衝突依舊的國家如伊拉克和阿富汗，拖延了地雷清除工作。 目前各國已經很少設置地雷，所以很多反地雷運動者開始把目標轉到抗議去年黎巴嫩戰爭後使用的集束炸彈上，目前這個國家的南部佈滿了很多尚未爆炸的小炸彈。 反地雷壓力團體，加拿大地雷行動執行長保羅‧漢能指出：「地雷已經在全球留下污名，地雷的供應即將結束。我不會說我們贏得戰爭，但是目前為止，我們在這場戰鬥贏了。我們必須阻止人們走回頭路，並且把地雷挖出來。」 反地雷運動者表示，在黛安娜王妃開始使用她的聲譽讓大家關注反地雷議題時，其實全球已經出現了反地雷的聲音，但是黛妃加入反地雷運動，加速了這個運動的進行。 黛妃於1997年加入英國紅十字會的反地雷運動，在她死前，她也曾到安哥拉和波士尼亞參與反地雷慈善活動。一個以英國為基地的反地雷運動組織執行長西蒙‧康威表示：「我不知道這到底是黛妃改變歷史，或者這只是地雷使用已經到了終結日？但是每個人都記得黛妃在地雷區的照片，這張照片改變一切。」 俄羅斯與尼泊爾停止使用地雷 反地雷運動者指出，當黛妃於1997年8月在巴黎車禍身亡後的一個月，簽署渥太華反地雷公約的國家激增。目前，80％的國家已經簽署了反地雷公約。 未簽署反地雷公約的國家如美國、中國和俄羅斯，手頭上仍然有數百萬個地雷，但是目前看起來，他們不會使用。 根據最權威的2006地雷監督報告顯示，目前有3個國家還在使用地雷。這份報告是由加拿大地雷行動編輯。這份報告指控俄羅斯在車臣分離戰爭、尼泊爾與毛派反抗軍的戰鬥，以及緬甸對付國內反抗軍的時候，都曾使用地雷。 但是加拿大地雷行動的漢能告訴《路透社》，俄羅斯看起來已經停止使用地雷；尼泊爾與毛派正在進行和平談判，刻也停止設置地雷。到2007年還在使用地雷的國家，目前只剩緬甸。 他表示，斯里蘭卡在2006年的內戰中發現新設置的地雷，一般相信是由塔米爾之虎反抗軍所埋的；也有人認為這些地雷是斯里蘭卡政府所為，但是卻找不到有力證據。他認為，地雷的使用在如今面對諸多限制，已經不比戰爭初期自由。其他還在使用地雷的地方從哥倫比亞到索馬利亞都有，但是數量都在減少。 地雷還有效嗎？ 一些國家保留現有的地雷區，但是不增加新地雷，在南韓與北韓之間廣大而地雷密佈的非軍事區就是一例。 漢能指出：「一些比較大型的地雷如反坦克地雷並不受公約的限制，但是卻有減少的跡象，阿富汗等國家也打算停止使用地雷。」 一些專家表示，固定地雷掩埋區的功能已經日漸消失，因為目前的衝突已經很少設置地雷與徵用大量步兵，而現代化武器更可以輕易攻進地雷區。但是也有人認為，地雷依舊是阻擋敵人前進的有效武器，政府應該回頭使用它。他們警告，全球清除地雷行動進展緩慢，證明了地雷的威力。 一名英國的地雷拆除專家指出：「地雷之戰還沒有結束。這是一個很有效的武器，它不容易控制，但是製造成本非常低廉。」 （路透社） Ten years after the death of Princess Diana and the first global treaty against antipersonnel landmines, experts say only a handful of rebel groups and perhaps one state dare use what has become a pariah weapon. Hard to detect, difficult to clear and often designed to maim rather than kill, antipersonnel mines can linger in the soil for decades. Activists estimate mines still kill or injure perhaps 15,000 to 20,000 people a year -- mainly civilians in countries now at peace. Landmine clearance agencies say it will likely take another decade to clear probably the world's two most affected countries -- Angola in southern Africa and Cambodia in Southeast Asia -- both the scene of long-running but now ended civil wars. Ongoing conflicts delay clearance in Iraq, Afghanistan and elsewhere. But fewer are now being laid and many activists have moved on to a campaign against cluster munitions in the aftermath of last year's Lebanon war, which left much of the country's south seeded with small unexploded bomblets. "There is a global stigma attached to landmines now," said Paul Hannon, executive director of pressure group Mines Action Canada. "The supply of mines is drying up. I wouldn't say we have won the war but we have won the battles so far. We have to stop people slipping back and we have to get the mines out of the ground." Activists say global opinion was already turning against antipersonnel mines even before Diana, Princess of Wales, began using her fame to draw attention to the issue. But they say her campaigning sped up the process. Diana joined a British Red Cross campaign against landmines in 1997 and before she died visited Angola and Bosnia with landmine charities. "I don't know whether individuals change history that much or whether landmines had simply had their day," said Simon Conway, director of British-based group Landmine Action. "But everyone remembers those pictures of Diana in the minefields and when it is someone as iconic as that it makes a difference." RUSSIA, NEPAL STOP Campaigners say the focus on the issue at the time of Diana's death in a Paris car crash in August 1997 almost certainly boosted the number of countries that signed the Ottawa treaty banning antipersonnel mines a month later. Eighty percent of countries have now signed. Non-Ottawa signatories the United States, China and Russia continue to hold millions of antipersonnel mines between them -- but now seem not to use them. The 2006 Landmine Monitor report -- regarded as the most authoritative and edited by Mines Action Canada -- labelled three states as using antipersonnel mines. It accused Russia of using them in its war on Chechen separatists, Nepal in its fight against Maoists and Myanmar -- also known as Burma -- against internal rebels, who were also using them. But Mines Action Canada's Hannon told Reuters Russia appeared to have since stopped, while a peace deal in Nepal halted both government and Maoist minelaying. That left Myanmar as the only proven state user in 2007. Renewed civil war in Sri Lanka in 2006 had involved some new antipersonnel minefields, he said, most apparently laid by Tamil Tiger rebels. There were suggestions the government might also have laid mines but little hard evidence, he said. Also, mine use was much more limited than in earlier stages of the war. Other non-state groups in a few countries from Colombia to Somalia were also using antipersonnel mines, he said. But even that was falling off. STILL EFFECTIVE? Some other countries retained existing minefields -- most notably the vast, heavily mined demilitarised zone between North and South Korea -- without adding to them. Larger anti-tank and anti-vehicle mines -- not banned by Ottawa -- also seemed to be used less, Hannon said; although it was hard to tell why and there might be a new spike of use in Afghanistan. Some experts say there is less of a role for fixed minefields as recent conflicts have fewer fixed positions and mass infantry clashes -- and modern militaries can break through minefields relatively easily. Others say they remain an effective way of slowing an invading force and governments could swiftly switch back to using them. The slowness with which they are being cleared from the world proves they work, they warn. "Landmine warfare is not over," said one British demining specialist. "They are very effective weapons. They are not as easy to get hold of as they used to be but they are very cheap to produce." REUTERS |
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| （回目錄） | |
| 生前與死後，黛妃都在撼動溫莎王朝 | |
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無論生前與死後，黛妃都直接撼動溫莎王朝的核心。 1997年8月31日在巴黎車禍身亡至今10年，輿論對這位「人民王妃」並不全然是友善的，但是沒有人會否認她的重要性。 很多王室觀察者的工作，是長期跟著這個全球被拍最多照片的女人一起演出王室肥皂劇，但是有人質疑她如何影響僵化不動的王室、卻不違背英國人逆境中展現剛毅的精神；王室最討厭活在鎂光燈下。 英國廣播公司前王室特派員珍妮‧邦德表示：「她撼動了一個君主國。她要讓王室不再這麼冷漠疏離，而且率先做到。」珍妮花了大約15年的時間報導王室新聞。 「女皇後來表示，她們都從黛妃的死中學到了教訓。她們將會慢慢學會教訓，因為這不會是一個激烈的改變，這是關於演變而不是改革的問題。」 《觀察家報》在回顧了多不勝數的黛妃生平傳記後，針對他們所發現的黛妃矛盾面作一個總結，他們問到：「她是害羞還是狡猾？富同情心或者精於算計？她是充滿人性的王妃，還是極力打造自己成為名牌的自我推銷執行長？」 黛妃支持的一系列理想運動，如關懷愛滋病患、漢生氏病人以及地雷受害者等，都因為她的高知名度而登上頭條新聞。 王室傳記作者裴妮‧朱諾指出：「王室成員並不笨，他們見到黛妃所造成的影響，察覺自己已經失去警覺性。黛妃走在很多現代化過程的前面，王室現在的行事風格很大部分都受到黛妃的影響。」 聖徒傳與惡毒的誹謗 黛妃逝世10週年紀念，出版社出版了林林總總的黛妃自傳，內容從奉承討好的聖徒傳到惡毒的誹謗都有。 莎拉‧布萊德福是一名權威的作者，在文中不使用噁心讚美之詞，她認為黛妃對名望態度矛盾。她為黛妃直到死前還被狗仔隊追著跑感到悲哀，但是她也認為，黛妃一直不斷地建立與小報的聯繫。「她可以是有趣、聰明、可愛的朋友；但是她也會拒絕、殘忍和容易情緒激動。」 黛妃與查爾斯王儲的婚姻，從當初的童話故事開場到激烈的離婚收場，全都攤在觀眾的目光下。有哪些傳記作者可以拒絕這種充滿矛盾張力的人物故事？美國傳記作者克里斯多佛‧安德森書寫了3本關於甘迺迪的書後，轉寫黛妃傳記，他提出他的理由：「一切都與愛有關，這是王室家族，世界上最長的肥皂劇。」 10年過去了，英國人回首當初哀悼黛妃的方式，自己也深感驚訝，這些全都在海倫‧米蘭主演的《黛妃與女皇》電影中被刻劃下來。此片被認為對君主持同情態度。 《標準晚報》王室特派員羅伯特‧賈布森表示：「海倫‧米蘭和《黛妃與女皇》雖然在全球獲得很大的曝光，但是我並不覺得，他們可以比得上黛妃的名望、影響與聲名狼藉。」 （路透社） In life and death, Princess Diana shook the House of Windsor to the core. Critics have not always been kind to "The People's Princess" in the decade since her death in a Paris car crash on Aug 31, 1997, but none would deny she mattered. Among royal watchers who spent their careers following the world's most photographed woman live out a royal soap opera, few doubt her effect on a staid royal household that abhorred histrionics and never abandoned the British stiffer upper lip. "She gave the monarchy a jolt. She was determined to make it less remote and she led by example on that," said former BBC royal correspondent Jenni Bond, who spent almost 15 years covering the tribulations of the royals. "The Queen said afterwards that lessons had to be learned from Diana's death. Slowly they have been. There has not been a massive change -- it's a question of evolution not revolution." The Observer newspaper, summing up her contradictions when reviewing a flood of Diana biographies, asked "Was she shy or just sly? Compassionate or coldly calculating? The Queen of Hearts or the self-promoting chief executive of Brand Diana?" Diana espoused a string of causes -- AIDS patients, lepers and landmine victims -- which, by the force of her fame, became headline news. "The royal family are not stupid and they looked at the effect she was having and realized they were missing a trick," said royal biographer Penny Junor. "She was behind a lot of modernization. The way that things are done now has been largely influenced by her." HAGIOGRAPHIES, HATCHET JOBS The 10th anniversary of her death has sparked the publication of at least a dozen Diana biographies that range from fawning hagiography to hatchet job. Sarah Bradford, author of an authoritative study that avoids any gushing praise, said Diana had a paradoxical attitude to fame, bemoaning the paparazzi who hounded her to the end while at the same time assiduously cultivating tabloid contacts. "She could be funny, witty, a lovely friend. She could also turn on people, she could be cruel, she could be hysterical." And of course there was the fairytale marriage to heir-to-the-throne Prince Charles, which ended in an acrimonious divorce played out in the full glare of publicity. What biographer could resist such a concoction? After writing three books on the Kennedys, American biographer Christopher Andersen turned to Diana, arguing "What's not to love? It's the royal family, the world's longest running soap opera." A decade on, the British look back in astonishment at the uncharacteristically emotional way they mourned Diana -- captured in "The Queen" with Helen Mirren, a film deemed to have built sympathy for the monarch. "Helen Mirren and 'the Queen' have done an awful lot in terms of global popularity," said Evening Standard royal correspondent Robert Jobson. "But I don't think you will ever match the fame, impact and notoriety of Diana." REUTERS |
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