|
══════════════════【立報】═══════════════════ |
| 教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2007-10-19》 |
| 本期內容 | |
| ◎為什麼油價飆漲 | |
| ◎能源饑渴的印度看上非洲的石油Energy-hungry India seeks to tap Africa for oil | |
| ◎為什麼油價屢創新高Why oil prices are at a record high | |
| 為什麼油價飆漲 | |
| 策劃、編譯■陳銳嬪、陳玫伶 | |
|
週三，擔心土耳其發動戰爭憂慮升高，國際油價破87美元。今年伊始，世界各地的消費者都活在石油漲價的陰影下，因為石油漲價其實會帶動民生問題。不知道大家對緬甸的袈裟革命是否記憶猶新，導致僧侶走上街頭的原因，是緬甸政府把石油價格調漲500％。而在下個月開始，北北基的計程車車費已經喊漲，這又是石油惹的禍。 本期國際專題，讓你知道，為什麼石油如此重要？為什麼油價持續飆漲？ |
|
| （回目錄） | |
| 能源饑渴的印度看上非洲的石油Energy-hungry India seeks to tap Africa for oil | |
|
印度政府計畫從非洲進口化石燃料，將邀請非洲15國的部長參加能源研討會。印度當局管理石油的官員表示：「石油產業是一門相當適合和非洲合作的領域，目前印度有16％的原油從非洲進口。」 兩天的研討會於11月6日展開，由石油和天然氣部門、印度商工會聯盟 （Federation of India Chambers of Commerce & Industry，FICCI）以及聯合國貿易和發展會議（UN Conference on Trade and Development）協同舉辦。 大會主辦單位表示，15個非洲石油出口國的部長同意出席會議，包括奈及利亞、蘇丹、查德、赤道幾內亞和迦納。 印度總理曼莫漢‧辛格（Manmohan Singh）本週二針對出訪奈及利亞發表心得，除了和非洲第一大石油輸出國奈及利亞往來，另外兩個國家也宣布和印度成為能源合作的伙伴。 能源研討會是印度第一個針對特定產業合作所舉辦的商業會談，大會主軸亦希望印度產業能擺脫從波斯灣國家出入油源的依賴，尋找多方來自他方的能源，而非洲即是首選。印度目前有70％原油自國外進口。 「和非洲國家合作比和中東國家合作來得愉快，因為它的的原油容易提煉又便宜，這是它吸引人的地方。」一名要求匿名的能源部官員表示。 官員忙碌於能源外交時，印度唯一的憂慮是強硬的生意敵手──中國。躋身世界大國的中國已經在非洲投入整套的公共建設，即是為了取得便利油源。 中國的進口油料有1／4來自非洲，隨著高速起飛經濟活動，需求量還正在增加當中。中國自去年11月非洲聯盟與北京的高峰會議之後，即積極推動對非洲的能源政策。 除此之外，美國對於非洲能源一樣虎視眈眈，專家人士預估10年內，由於主要的中東輸入國背景複雜，非洲油源輸出將增至全球需求量的25％。目前美國的進口油料有16％來自非洲。 非洲石化燃料需求急速提升早是預料之事，現今非洲大陸開採的產量約佔世界需求量的10％，估計還有72％的儲油尚未挖掘。 印度石油和天然氣公司已經和奈及利亞、蘇丹、利比亞、葉門和加彭等國家合作，但成果有限，不僅如此，面臨中國的競爭，恐要奮力突圍，而中國對於能源議題，說不定有賺錢之外的考量。 （印度斯坦時報） Keen to increase its fossil fuel supplies from Africa, India is organising a hydrocarbon conference that would be attended by oil ministers from 15 African countries. "The hydrocarbon sector is an obvious choice for our intensive engagement with Africa as countries there account for 16 per cent of India's crude oil imports," said a petroleum ministry official. The two-day event from November 6 is being organised jointly by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry and the UN Conference on Trade and Development (Unctad). According to the organisers, 15 ministers have agreed to attend the conference including those from important oil producing countries of Nigeria, Sudan, Chad, Equatorial Guinea and Ghana. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on Tuesday concludes a three-day visit to Nigeria, Africa's top oil-producing nation, where the two countries announced a strategic partnership and greater cooperation on the energy front. While India has organised annual business conclaves focussed on Africa, this will perhaps be the first sector-specific conference. The conference is being held against the backdrop of India seeking to decrease its dependence on the volatile Gulf region for its crude needs and look at other sources like Africa. India currently imports some 70 per cent of its crude needs. "African oil is sweet compared to the heavier varieties of Middle Eastern origin, which makes refining much easier and cheaper. This makes the region all the more attractive," the oil ministry official said, requesting anonymity. According to officials engaged in oil diplomacy, the only worry for India is the stiff competition it faces from China, which has been providing African countries a complete infrastructure package in return for access to the fields. African oil already accounts for 25 per cent of Chinese oil imports, which is said to be keeping pace with the incremental demand for fuel in the country to power its rising economy. China's energetic Africa policy was showcased in November 2006 when African leaders made a beeline for Beijing to attend the African Union-China Summit. Further, the US, which is also eager to diversify its supply sources from the Middle East, is increasingly looking at the African continent and some think tanks say Africa will meet a quarter of the global fuel needs in the next 10 years. Africa already meets 16 per cent of America's imported fuel imports. The scramble for African hydrocarbon is not surprising with various estimates suggesting that it already possesses about 10 per cent of the world's oil reserves and accounts for 72 per cent of the undiscovered oil reserves. Indian petroleum and gas companies have met with some limited success there - in Nigeria, Sudan, Libya, Yemen and Gabon. At the same time, Indian companies have also been handicapped in their forays as their competitors from China have been more generous in their terms that, officials here maintain, goes beyond commercial considerations. Hindustan Times http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print.aspx?Id=2de34dd8-4bcf-4feb-be25-3721e391c0b7 |
|
| （回目錄） | |
| 為什麼油價屢創新高Why oil prices are at a record high | |
|
美國原油價格在週一早上高漲到85.19美元後，最後以接近每桶85美元收盤。 對原油的熱切需求以及走勢疲弱的美元在今年年初的時候，讓曾經下探到50美元以下的原油價格往上飆升。 疲弱的美元 美國對其他主要貨幣的匯率下跌驅使買家買入美元，因為相對之下，美元比較便宜。這減少了石油輸出國組織的收入與購買力，但非美元買家的購買力卻有所提升。 石油輸出國組織的石油部長指出，雖然石油價格達到名義上的高峰，但是通貨膨脹與美元的走勢卻讓其影響趨軟。 在9月的時候，石油輸出國組織標示的石油價格為74.18美元，但是經過調整，以便因應通貨膨脹和疲弱美元後，實際的石油價格為50.98美元。 需求 雖然供應分裂穩住了往上攀升的油價，但是主要大客戶如中國和美國對原油的需求卻是油價復甦的主要導因。 全球對石油的需求在2004年油價飆升後已經變緩，但持續上升以及日漸往上爬的油價，其實對經濟成長的影響非常有限。 分析家指出，全球已經可以對名義上高價位的石油價格應付裕如，因為石油價格還要經過匯率與通貨膨漲的調整，經過調整後的石油價格比前陣子最高峰的時刻低，一些經濟活動也不再那麼能源密集。 基金 投資人從退休基金和投機基金中轉向，開始進軍產業基金，包括石油基金。在最近幾個月，投資者密切跟隨全球經濟的走向，使到石油基金開始往上升。 在最近幾年，能源市場的投機性貿易大幅增加，因為投資者正在積極重回股票與債券市場。 石油輸出國組織控制供應 石油輸出國組織供應世界超過1／3的石油產量，該組織在2006年的時候減少輸出的石油產量以穩住向下滑落的油價。 石油輸出國組織減少石油輸出量使到今年的油價復甦，而在國際能源署的領導下，石油消耗國連續數月要求石油輸出國組織開採更多石油。石油輸出國組織不理呼籲，認為石油供應充足。 但是在上個月的會議中，石油輸出國組織決定從11月1日開始，每日增加輸出50萬桶石油，這個數量是12個會員國在8月石油輸出量中的1.6％。 奈及利亞 奈及利亞是世界上第8大的石油輸出國，該國的原油供應在2006年2月之後就停止了，因為該國的石油工業受到軍事攻擊。 石油公司因為軍事攻擊與破壞，而損失了54萬7千桶石油。 伊朗 石油消費者對伊朗石油供應是否會崩潰的議題非常關注，因為伊朗是世界第4大石油出口國，近來伊朗因為核計劃，其石油輸出受到西方的封鎖。 西方政府懷疑伊朗使用其民間核計劃來掩飾核武器計劃，伊朗否認此說法，表示核能源是用來供應電源。 伊拉克 在歷經數世紀的戰爭、國際制裁以及低投資後，伊拉克努力重振它的石油業。 從該國北部的可庫克的原油出口只偶爾運作，因為技術問題和破壞使到石油輸出管恆常閒置。自從美軍在2003年3月入侵伊拉克以來，它的石油出口量都無法恢復到之前的數量。 精煉廠的瓶頸 美國是世界上最大的石油消耗國，而在美國的精鍊廠，在夏日的時候，總會面臨需求過多而供應短缺的問題。 美國政府在10月11日發布的數據顯示，蒸餾液的庫存已經減少而燃油的庫存提升，與去年的庫存比較，這兩者的庫存都還在控制之內。雖然燃料的價格提升，但是對燃料的需求還在持續增高。 精煉廠在低度投資的環境下，已經不勝負荷。大西洋颶風季在2005年侵襲美國和今年美國在面對暴風雨後導致電源短缺，再再說明了美國的石油工業已經受到了打擊。 （路透社） U.S. crude oil (CLc1: Quote, Profile, Research) was trading near $85 a barrel on Monday, after hitting an all-time high of $85.19 in earlier business. Strong demand for crude supplies and a weak U.S. dollar have fuelled the rally from a dip below $50 at the start of the year. DOLLAR WEAKNESS The fall in the value of the U.S. dollar against other major currencies has helped to drive buying across commodities as investors have viewed dollar assets as relatively cheap. It has also reduced the purchasing power of OPEC's revenues and increased the purchasing power of some non-dollar consumers. OPEC oil ministers have noted that even though oil prices are rising to record nominal levels, inflation and the dollar have softened the impact. The group's OPEC reference price in nominal terms was $74.18 in September, but was valued at $50.98 when adjusted for inflation and the weak dollar. DEMAND While previous price spikes have been triggered by supply disruptions, demand from top consumers China and the United States is a main driver of the current rally. Global demand growth has slowed after a surge in 2004, but it is still rising and higher prices have so far had a very limited effect on economic growth. Analysts say the world is coping well with high nominal prices because adjusted for exchange rates and inflation, they are lower than during previous price spikes and some economies have become less energy intensive. FUNDS Investment flows from pension and hedge funds into commodities including oil have resumed in recent months after a hiatus early in the year due to concerns about how the global economy was moving. Speculative trading in energy markets has boomed in recent years as investors sought to beat returns in other markets such as equities and bonds. OPEC SUPPLY RESTRAINT The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, source of more than a third of the world's oil, started to reduce oil output in late 2006 to stem a fall in prices. Fewer OPEC barrels entering the market helped propel this year's rally and consumer nations led by the International Energy Agency for months urged OPEC to pump more oil. OPEC countered that supplies were adequate. But at a meeting last month, OPEC decided to increase oil output by 500,000 barrels per day, equal to about 1.6 percent of production by the 12-member group in August, from November 1. NIGERIA Supply of crude from Nigeria, the world's eighth-largest oil exporter, has been cut since February 2006 because of militant attacks on the country's oil industry. Oil companies have detailed about 547,000 bpd of shut Nigerian production due to militant attacks and sabotage. IRAN Oil consumers are concerned about supply disruption from Iran, the world's fourth-biggest exporter, which is locked in a dispute with the West over its nuclear program. Western governments suspect Iran is using its civilian nuclear program as a cover to develop nuclear weapons. Iran denies this, saying it wants nuclear power to make electricity. IRAQ Iraq is struggling to get its oil industry back on its feet after decades of wars, sanctions and underinvestment. Exports of Kirkuk crude from the country's north are sporadic as sabotage and technical problems have mostly idled the pipeline since the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003, preventing exports returning to the pre-invasion rate. REFINERY BOTTLENECKS Refiners in the United States, the world's top gas guzzler, struggled with unexpected outages which drained inventories ahead of the summer, when motor fuel demand peaks. In the latest weekly figures from the U.S. government, issued on October 11, distillate stocks declined and heating oil stocks rose. Both were still well below their levels of a year ago. Fuel demand is still growing, despite higher prices. Refining capacity is already tight after years of underinvestment. The U.S. oil industry took a battering in 2005's Atlantic hurricane season and storms this year have prompted supply shutdowns. REUTERS |
|
| （回目錄） | |
2007年法治教育向下紮根徵文比賽活動實施辦法 |
|
中華扶輪教育基金會於2003年與台北律師公會、民間司法改革基金會共同合作成立「法治教育向下紮根特別委員會」，透過美國公民教育中心 所授權翻譯出版之「民主基礎系列－＜權威＞、＜隱私＞、＜責任＞、＜正義＞」教材的推廣，期盼國人能學習思辨的智慧，並散播正義的種 子予下一代。為實現理想，各地扶輪社友紛紛出錢出力投入此一行列，並為徹底落實社區服務的精神，積極進入各個社區國民小學帶領活動。 推廣數年來，「法治教育向下紮根」的理念已獲得全國各縣市老師及家長熱烈的支持及迴響，至今已有超過數千名種子教師及志工，而受「人 權法治」觀念啟蒙的學子更是不計其數；我們樂觀期待台灣未來將培育出無數優質公民，並對長期以來無私奉獻的扶輪社友及熱心人士致最高 |
|
| （回目錄） | |
|
參觀立報： |
http://www.lihpao.com |
|
立報地址： |
台北縣新店市復興路43號1樓 |
| 欲詳完整內容請訂閱立報 電話：02-86676655 傳真：02-82191213 訂報：02-86676655轉214 地址：台北縣新店市復興路43號1樓 每週一至週六出報，每份10元 |