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教育專題 ◎ 2008-01-25
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教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2008-01-25》

本期內容
  ◎國際專題:留學 用真實的眼睛看世界 
  ◎尋找真實 美國留學生前進中東 
  ◎大學留學計畫疑點多 紐約首席檢察官出面調查 



國際專題:留學 用真實的眼睛看世界
  策劃、編譯■陳銳嬪、陳玫伶
出國進修計畫是未來大學的一大走向。

無論是長期留學,或是短期出國交換,學生得到的不止是知識,還有更真實的第一手觀察。

校方的政策如何與未來潮流接軌,考驗校方的智慧;如何確保校方留學政策讓學生受惠,則考驗著各造的監督能力。

美國的例子,希望給各大學一個提醒,在留學政策必須進行更全面的思考。
(回目錄)



尋找真實 美國留學生前進中東
   
設立在埃及首都開羅的美利堅大學,有阿拉伯式的建築物、種上棕櫚樹的花園,是目前美國學生海外留學的熱門地點。該校的教授把這些美國留學生稱為「911小子」。

2001年9月11日,紐約世貿被攻擊事件激發了他們的好奇心,數百名美國學生決定到中東探險。這些將來打算從事情報或者外交工作的學生,熱切地學習阿拉伯文、認識伊斯蘭教,打破了媒體的刻板印象。

在該大學就讀的美國留學生,從2002年開始就成長3倍之多,去年的學生數目更超過4百位。

該校美國留學生協會國際學生事務副主席金‧傑克遜指出:「這些學生來自不同的背景與年齡。有些學生是海軍,有些則是陸軍。」

開羅的美利堅大學是阿拉伯國家其中一個最熱門的留學地點,而其他對美國友善的國家,其語言學校也因美國留學生湧入而受惠。

開羅法賈阿拉伯語言學校的美國留學生人數,在911攻擊事件後,雙倍成長到4百人。伊拉克戰爭發生後,又激發了一股學生人數增長潮。

法賈語言學校校長郭哈里表示:「他們聽說伊拉克或者巴勒斯坦有人肉炸彈客,他們想知道這到底是怎麼回事。他們想要自己尋找原因。」

38歲的娜塔莎‧喬治來自美國德州,他在哥哥麥可被派到伊拉克執行任務後,決定到開羅的美利堅大學求學。

她說:「我試圖明白,為什麼我們可以在沒有實質理由下入侵一個國家。我要自己親身體驗,我不相信美國媒體報導的資訊。」

沒什麼好怕的

很多學生表示,他們到中東來,是想找出美國政策在這個區域面對強烈不滿的答案。大多數學生表示,阿拉伯世界並不像美國媒體描述的那樣充滿暴力。

美國伊利諾大學的安妮‧西薇兒說道:「這完全與媒體報導的不一樣,這地方一點都不可怕。」她的哥哥曾經因為擔心她的安危,願意給她4百美元作為不來開羅的代價。

22歲的肯尼斯‧維雷是德州貝勒大學的學生,他上了一位曾服務於美國空軍情報單位服務的教授的課,深受啟發,決定到開羅的美利堅大學學習阿拉伯文。

「所有的新聞與頭條都與中東相關,我要參與這股浪潮。」他在一家靠近自由廣場的咖啡廳如是告訴《路透社》記者,該咖啡廳距離尼羅河只有咫尺之遙。

「我不想透過報章頭條認識伊斯蘭教和它的人民,我要透過真實的生活來認識它們。」

自從911攻擊事件發生後,美國有意學習阿拉伯文的人數直線上升。911事件起源於,來自沙烏地阿拉伯與其他阿拉伯國家的年輕穆斯林,劫持飛機攻擊紐約與華盛頓的建築,導致大約3千人死亡。

美國總統布希提議,撥出1億1千4百萬美元用來擴展阿拉伯文、華文與波斯文的教學。

黎巴嫩動盪不安的局面,導致原本想到該國首都貝魯特美國大學唸書的外國學生卻步。在開羅的阿拉伯課程正好迎合了來自美國、加拿大與歐洲國家的需求。

這裡都是好人

開羅美利堅大學美國留學生協會的傑克遜指出:「大多數到該校唸書的留學生都來美國,美國留學生人數從2002年的134人上升到2007年的404人。」

大多數學生選擇的課程是阿拉伯語文課程、中東政治和伊斯蘭教歷史。

傑克遜表示:「911是個很大的轉捩點。美國學到了教訓,終於意識到學習其他文化與語言的重要性。」

年比‧楊是波士頓塔夫斯大學畢業生,她已經獲得美國國務院的聘雇書。身為傅爾布萊特獎學金的得主,她在開羅美利堅大學學習阿拉伯文並在阿拉伯世界學習黑人少年次文化。

她說:「如果對國際事務有興趣,你不可能對阿拉伯世界不感興趣。我在學習過程中從來沒有遇到負面情緒,大多數人很高興我學習他們的語言。」

很多學生指出,美國政府官員之間對阿拉伯世界的暸解還需要加強。美國政府在2006年的研究顯示,派駐穆斯林國家的外交人員中,1/3無法操流利的當地語言。

「我們在公共外交上的工作做得不好。」麥可‧瑪莎如是說。他是喬治城大學的新生,主修國際政治,並且在美利堅大學學習阿拉伯文。

貝勒大學的維雷說,當他回到的德州時,他將會把他所看到的告訴朋友,扭轉大家的刻板印象。

「人們會認為在這裡的人都是恐怖份子或者都會憎恨基督徒,這都不是真的。當我回去時,我會告訴大家,這裡的人都是好人。」

(路透社)

Professors at the American University in Cairo call them "September 11 kids". In the heart of Egypt's capital the university with its arabesque buildings and gardens of palm trees is a new hot spot for Americans studying abroad.

Drawn by curiosity about the September 11 attacks on New York's World Trade Center in 2001, hundreds of American students are venturing to the Middle East, eager to learn Arabic, study Islam and cut through media stereotypes as they prepare for careers in intelligence or diplomacy.

The number of American students at the University, known as AUC, has about tripled since 2002 and reached a record of more than 400 this year.

"They come from all persuasions and all ages," said Kim Jackson, AUC associate vice president for international student affairs. "We have students from the U.S. Naval and Air Force academies and we have a couple of guys in the Marines."

AUC is one of the region's most popular destinations but other language institutes in the most populous Arab country, whose government is friendly to the United States, are also benefiting from an influx of students.

At Cairo's Fajr Center for the Arabic Language, the intake doubled to about 400 after the September 11 attacks and had another boost from the Iraq war.

"They hear about someone in Iraq or Palestine putting a bomb on themselves and they want to know what's going on," said Fajr's president, Waleed el-Gohary. "People want to discover for themselves."

Natasha George, a 38-year old Texan, decided to study at AUC in Cairo after her brother Michael deployed to Iraq with the U.S. Air Force.

"I wanted to understand how we got into a position where we were invading a country with no real reason," she said. "I wanted to get a first-hand look and I didn't trust the information that the U.S. media was reporting."

"NOT SCARY"

Many students say they came to the Middle East to try to understand the widespread anger in the region over U.S. policies. Most say the Arab world does not resemble the violent place they say the U.S. media often portrays.

"It's funny how it's different. It's just not a scary place at all," said University of Illinois student Anne Shivers, whose worried older brother offered her $400 not to come to Cairo.

"I've explained it to my parents but they still don't believe me," she added.

Kenneth Weakley, a 22-year-old student at Baylor University in Texas, said he was inspired to come to AUC to study Arabic after taking classes from a professor who had served with U.S. Air Force intelligence in the region.

"The news and the headlines all have to do with the Middle East and I wanted to get on the bandwagon," he told Reuters at a cafe near traffic-clogged Midan el-Tahrir, or Liberation Square, a stone's throw from the River Nile.

"I wanted to be introduced to Islam and know the people on a for-real basis, not based on the headlines."

Interest in Arabic has surged in the United States since the September 11 attacks, when nearly 3,000 people died after young Muslim men from Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries flew hijacked planes into buildings in New York and Washington.

President George W. Bush has proposed spending $114 million to expand teaching of languages such as Arabic, Chinese, and Farsi.

After unrest in Lebanon dimmed the appeal of the American University of Beirut, Arabic programs in Cairo are meeting demand from the United States, Canada, and European countries.

GOOD PEOPLE

The intake in AUC's year-abroad program, the vast majority of them Americans, jumped from 134 in 2002 to 404 in 2007, the AUC's Jackson said.

Most students sign up for classes on Arabic language, Middle East politics and Islamic history.

"9/11 is a big push factor," said Jackson, an American. "The (United States) as a whole has learned that we need to get serious about learning about other cultures and languages in general."

Niambi Young, a graduate student at Tufts University in Boston, already has a job lined up with the U.S. Department of State. A Fulbright scholar, she is studying Arabic at AUC and hip-hop in the Arab world.

"If you are interested in international affairs now, it's hard not to be interested in the Arab world," she said. "I've never encountered any negative sentiment. Most people are happy and positive that I am learning their language."

Many students also cite a gap in knowledge of the Arab world among U.S. government employees. A U.S. government study in 2006 found that about a third of U.S. public diplomacy positions in countries with large Muslim populations are filled by officers without sufficient language abilities.

"We're not doing the job in public diplomacy that we should be," said Michael Ruthenberg-Marshall, a junior majoring in international politics at Georgetown University and studying Arabic at AUC.

Weakley, the Baylor student originally from Kentucky, said he would try to reverse some stereotypes about the Arab world when he returns to Texas.

"People think everyone here is a terrorist or they hate you because you are Christian," he said. "That's not the case. When I get back I am going to tell my friends that these are good people."

REUTERS
(回目錄)



大學留學計畫疑點多 紐約首席檢察官出面調查
   
根據哈佛大學的校園報《哈佛克里姆森報》(The Harvard Crimson)報導,哈佛大學已經收到紐約首席檢察官安德魯‧庫莫發出的傳喚票,以進行校方如何訂立出國進修計畫契約的調查。

庫莫將針對出國進修計畫簽約的贊助者為何得標,以及校方是否接受利益交換等面向進行調查。過去一年來,該校的獎助學金、津貼和公費旅遊基金的運作,皆曾引起爭議。

其他14所受到調查的大學包括哥倫比亞大學、布朗大學和西北大學等。

哈佛大學發言人約翰‧隆巴克表示,校方於上週接到傳喚票,但是他拒絕透露檢察官要求哪一方面的資訊。據媒體報導,調查案將著重於哈佛大學等幾間大學院校和出國進修贊助者的關係,以及學生以何種方式接受出國進修補助。

前緬因州檢察長、現任哥倫比亞法學院國家檢察官課程主任的詹姆斯‧提爾尼表示,哈佛大學的出國進修計畫會不會因調查案受到影響,因為調查案仍在蒐集犯罪事實階段。

因為不清楚該調查案的細節,提爾尼表示倍感壓力,並認為首席檢察官親自調查這類案件的例子並不多。

最近幾個月,出國進修方案的補助審核嚴苛許多。

一份由國際教育者協會公佈的報告指出,證據顯示學術機構和贊助者之間的財政協議,以及贊助者的信用轉移政策,極具爭議性,而全方面整合學術單位的出國進修計畫的任務、計畫的風險管理和品質控制,則著墨甚少。

報告中陳述:「所有高等學術單位應該有處理利益衝突的政策,包括禁止個人獲利的利益交換。」「出國進修計畫應充分寫明詳細的資訊,包括預期效果、支出費用和校方、贊助方之間其他額外的協議。」

根據國際交流中心的數據,過去6年,哈佛出國進修計畫案數量戲劇性地成長,前一學年有659名學生出國進修,是2001年的3倍。

(來源/哈佛克里姆森報http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=521599)
(回目錄)



 

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