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教育專題 ◎ 2008-04-03
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教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2008-04-03》

本期內容
  ◎國際專題:透視西藏 
  ◎種族貧富不均 引發西藏問題 
  ◎通貨膨脹 催化西藏緊張情勢 



國際專題:透視西藏
  策劃、編譯■陳銳嬪、陳玫伶
西藏暴動發生至今,消息依舊被封鎖。

冰凍三尺,非一日之寒。在以中國為中心的發展模式裡,西藏人一直被忽略,

導致生活在自己土地上的藏人,面對種種問題,

從自治權、族群議題、文化保存到經濟問題,不一而足。

本期國際專題,帶你從另外一個角度透視西藏暴動的起因,

也希望大家持續關心西藏暴動的發展,為西藏問題獻上我們的關心與支持。
(回目錄)



種族貧富不均 引發西藏問題
  路透社
中國領導人長久以來擔心社會貧富不均會影響社會安定,在中國最貧困地區西藏的示威演變成暴動後,夢魘彷彿成真。

共產黨軍隊於1950年進入拉薩,但是3月14日發生在拉薩的暴動,卻常常被過度解讀為自治權與種族認同的議題,而不是源於經濟因素。

分析家認為,這兩個因素是互相影響的。以北京為主的發展,讓藏人覺得自己被邊緣化,這個現象被西藏學者安德魯‧費施爾稱之為「種族排他性」(ethnically exclusionary)。

費施爾指出:「中國傾注巨額的補助金,所以他們創造成長並不是一件值得驚奇的事。」他是倫敦政治經濟學院的發展經濟學家。

「但是這強大經濟成長趨勢和財富聚集,造成貧富差異和族群偏見越趨明顯,只有那些中文流利或者和中國有關係的人受惠。」

西藏是個偏遠的地區,佈滿高山與草原,被稱為「世界屋脊」。在過去5年來,它每年的經濟成長都超過12%。

但是在中國境內已經很嚴重的城鄉貧富差距,在西藏更加明顯。

經濟學者表示,中國的通貨膨脹率已達11年來的最高點,對中國貧困地區的影響也最劇烈。

「儘管西藏因為中國投資而明顯改善,但本質上仍是一個貧窮的地方。」「現在亞洲」(Asia Now)顧問公司總裁西蒙‧利特伍德表示。

只有15%的藏人完成中學學歷,而中國其他地方則達到60%。雖然中國領導人很自豪地認為已經快全面消滅文盲,但是藏人中仍有超過40%的人不識字。

法國興業銀行的格倫‧馬奎爾和派翠克‧班奈特,在一項研究報告中寫道:「不管對或錯,近年來中國經濟起飛,漢人總被認為比少數族群獲得更多的好處和利益。」

隨時成為社會底層

多以放牧與務農為生的鄉下西藏人,開始湧到城市找工作。分析家認為,他們隨時可能因為缺乏工業化過程所需的技能,而成為社會底層。

「他們可能缺少技能,所以無法在蓬勃發展的服務業中謀得工作,這就是為什麼很多服務業的職缺,都由來自其他中國地區的移民──如甘肅移民來填補。」位於北京的中央民族大學教授王文長表示。

2006年青藏鐵路開通之後,藏人再次感受到邊緣化。批評家認為,鐵路只是讓漢人加速地湧入西藏。

分析家指出,大部分的中國移民是低收入的一群,從貧困的省分到西藏謀生。但問題的關鍵是,西藏人在區域發展中所扮演的角色。

「他們非常關注過去幾十年來,內蒙古和新疆地區的變化。大量湧入的漢人移民到那裡定居,使原住民成了少數民族。」英屬哥倫比亞大學的西藏學者澤仁哈吉亞表示。

3月14日的暴動發生前幾天,佛教僧侶發起了和平示威。而暴動當天,可見到暴徒打破和掠奪漢人開的商店。中國聲稱這次導致13人死亡的暴力事件,由達賴喇嘛背後策劃。

西藏佛教精神領袖達賴喇嘛1959年因為與北京當局對立,從此流亡海外。

分析家指出西藏需要的不僅是基礎建設或投入資金,他們更需要的是藏語教學、職業訓練,和對該地的發展有更多的決策參與和發聲機會。

費施爾表示:「少數的西藏人受到良好教育和整合,但是剩下的族群,大部分覺得自己在發展過程中使不上力,感覺自己的公民權被剝削。」

「這是一個隨時會引爆的炸藥桶。」


China's leaders have long feared the impact of the country's yawning wealth gap on social stability. When protests in Tibet, its poorest region, flared into riots, their nightmare looked very real.

The March 14 riot in Lhasa, the capital of the region Communist troops entered in 1950, was over issues of autonomy and ethnic identity, not the price of bread.

But analysts say the two are intertwined as Tibetans feel marginalized by a Beijing-led development drive that Tibet scholar Andrew Fischer calls "ethnically exclusionary".

"They're pouring in an enormous amount of subsidies so it's no surprise that they're creating growth," said Fischer, a development economist at the London School of Economics.

"It's just that this massive amount of economic growth and wealth is creating a huge gap and a very strong ethnic bias in the development in the sense that it privileges those with Chinese fluency or Chinese connections," he said.

The economy of Tibet, a remote region of mountains and grasslands dubbed the "roof of the world", has been growing at more than 12 percent annually over the past five years.

But the urban-rural wealth gap, already a worry across China is even more pronounced in Tibet.

Inflation, at 11-year highs in China, is also most acute in the country's low income regions, economists say.

"Tibet, although it's been significantly improved by Chinese investment, is still essentially a country of poor people," said Simon Littlewood, president of consulting firm Asia Now.

Only about 15 percent of the population has any secondary education, compared to more than 60 percent in the rest of China. In a country whose leaders pride themselves on having virtually wiped out illiteracy, rates in Tibet hover above 40 percent.

"Rightly or wrongly, the Han Chinese are often perceived within the region as having benefited more from China's economic growth in recent years than ethnic minorities," Glenn Maguire and Patrick Bennett of Societe Generale wrote in a research note.

UNDERCLASS

As Tibetans from rural areas, which subsist largely on herding and farming, gravitate toward cities in search of work, analysts say they risk becoming part of an underclass lacking the skills to participate in the industrialization drive.

"They may lack the skills to compete for jobs in the booming service sectors, and that's why many jobs in the service sector are taken by migrants from other Chinese regions like Gansu," said Wang Wenchang, a professor at the Central University of Nationalities in Beijing.

That sense of marginalization has been compounded by the opening of a railway to the region in 2006, which critics say is accelerating an influx of Han Chinese.

Most of those Chinese migrants, analysts say, are themselves poor people, from poor provinces, but what matters is how Tibetans perceive their role in the region's development.

"They are very conscious of what happened in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang over the decades, where a large influx of Chinese migrants have settled and the indigenous population has become the minority," said Tsering Shakya, a Tibet scholar at the University of British Columbia.

Last Friday's riot, which followed days of peaceful protests led by Buddhist clergy, saw mobs smashing and looting Han Chinese-run businesses and shops, a spasm of violence that China says killed 13 and was masterminded by the Dalai Lama.

The spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism, the Dalai Lama has lived in exile since 1959, the year of a failed uprising against Beijing's rule.

More than infrastructure or external funding, analysts say what Tibet needs is more Tibetan-language education, vocational training and a bigger say in the nature of its own development.

A handful of Tibetans are well-educated and well-integrated, "but among the rest there is very much a sense of disempowerment and being disenfranchised from this growth", said Fischer.

"It was just a powder-keg ready to go."

REUTERS
(回目錄)



通貨膨脹 催化西藏緊張情勢
   
3月28日,西藏拉薩北京路上的肉店才重新營業,但是在這個政治情勢緊張的西藏首府,居民已經開始抱怨新的威脅──通貨膨脹。

根據英國《金融時報》報導,自從3月14日的暴動發生後,有些肉店就關門,直到上週才開始開門做生意。在一家肉店內,兩名婦人大聲地抱怨犛牛肉的價格。在暴動發生前,每半公斤犛牛肉的價格是11元人民幣,但是現在的價格卻漲到13.5元人民幣。其中一人說:「我們被剝了一層皮。」

今年2月,中國的通膨達到12年來最高點。一直以來,通膨問題都是敏感議題,因為資深領導人知道,通膨可能成為政治動亂的源頭。就如1989年的天安門事件,也是起源於中國政府無力控制物價。

更甚的是,在牽一髮動全身的城市如拉薩,通膨可以輕易地煽動既存的緊張政治局勢。在北京路不遠處開一家小雜貨店的西藏婦女說,她被迫提高泡麵的價格。她投訴:「這都是我那漢人供應商的錯,他趁著暴亂,就地起價。」該地區是暴亂中受影響最大的地方,在訪問過程中,可見到警察在外面來去。

雖然有些商店已經在上週五開始營業,但是維安依舊嚴格。在肉店對面,6名鎮暴警察設立路障,封鎖前往小昭寺的入口──3月14日的示威,據信是由此而起。在附近的外國人,一直被盤問身分。自從暴動發生後,媒體被阻止進入西藏,而西藏政府只邀請少數記者,包括《金融時報》,進入拉薩進行兩天的官方採訪。

政府官員告訴記者,混亂局面已經平復,而政治秩序也恢復了。但是這些營造出來的假象,卻在大昭寺被30名僧侶戳破,他們呼喊「自由西藏」(Free Tibet)與其他口號。

年輕的僧侶說,記者看到的都是被操控的假象,他們說,寺廟周圍的嚴密監控是在記者採訪前才撤走的。實際上,在採訪當天早上,附近地區已經被封鎖,只有住在該區的居民得以進入該地。

在迎接奧運倒數時,中國當局還要面對的是,更多像大昭寺僧侶一樣機動的抗議行為。

這個獲得國際媒體廣泛報導的事件,也獲得當地報章的報導,但是當地報章不提僧侶的訴求。

西藏副省長唄嘛知麟表示,18名在暴亂中死亡的人中,有3名西藏人。他說,他們將在適當的時候,公佈達賴喇嘛在背後策劃此次示威的證據。

參考來源:http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/26a95d7a-fcf0-11dc-961e-000077b07658.html
(回目錄)



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