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教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2008-12-04》 |
本期內容 | |
◎國際專題:血腥11月 印度孟買恐怖攻擊事件 | |
◎誰該為情報失誤負責? |
國際專題:血腥11月 印度孟買恐怖攻擊事件 | |
策劃■張約翰、蔡秉諭 編譯■蔡秉諭 | |
伊斯蘭極端份子對孟買的協同攻擊,造成183人遭殺害,以下是事件後印度政治、經濟、地緣政治的未來發展。 政治宗教對立加劇 國會主導的政府面臨在2009年初面臨數個州議會選舉和國會大選。在孟買攻擊事件前,許多分析家就預測選情會極為嚴峻,因為選民對於升高的物價和經濟成長趨緩感到挫折。 選民對於今年印度各大城市炸彈攻擊事件的不滿日益升高,印度國家主義傾向的主要反對黨BJP批評,政府面對恐怖主義的姿態太過軟弱。 州議會選舉將是國會大選之前的政治風向測試。選舉的投票結果很重要,因為佔優勢的一方將更有本錢在全國大選得以和小黨聯盟。 假如選民責怪政府太過軟弱,國會將在大選時版圖重整。 攻擊事件已經導致印度國安首長辭職,由財政部長帕拉尼亞潘‧席丹巴蘭接任。 BJP可能利用這次攻擊事件,它的其中一項政見就是對恐怖主義強硬。 攻擊事件發生的時候,馬德亞‧布拉德許正舉行州議會選舉。投票人數比預期高,原因可能是孟買攻擊事件促使選民參與投票。週六在有許多中產階級選民的德西州選舉,投票人數也超過預期,這或許對BJP的選情有幫助。 投票結果尚未公佈。 在這種危機時候,印度人可能團結支持政府。政府的強硬立場,不論是外交或象徵性的行動,都可能贏得印度人的支持。 在伊斯蘭激進份子宣稱主導這次攻擊的情況下,地方自治體的政治可能也會變成選戰議題。激進的印度教團體可能會報復在印度佔少數的穆斯林。宗教緊張可能加劇。已經有報告指出,印度教激進團體在今年發動炸彈攻擊,報復疑似穆斯林所為的攻擊事件。 經濟困境雪上加霜 經濟活動冷卻,且預測成長率會更進一步下降,肇因於今年年初的高利率和全球金融危機,導致需求下降,投資減緩。 分析家表示協同攻擊事件可能加速金融鬆綁的腳步,因為政策制定者可能會嘗試冷卻因攻擊事件所引發的負面情緒。 中央銀行預測到明年3月的財政年度,經濟成長率是7.5%~8%,然而許多私人部門的經濟學家則預測是7%,遠低於高速成長時的9%或前3個財政年度的紀錄。 分析家表示攻擊事件可能會帶給旅遊業短期的影響,同時動搖投資人的信心,損害經濟。 對於威脅日增的攻擊事件,政府的對應方式也是影響投資人信心的重要因素,軟弱的姿態極可能對外國直接投資帶來負面影響。 4月到9月期間,外國直接投資上升137%,達到172.1億美元,政府預測本財政年度會超過350億美元。 印巴緊張情勢升高 2001年,印度譴責巴基斯坦要為激進份子攻擊印度國會事件負責,使兩個擁核鄰居關係緊繃,前線情勢一觸即發。 2006年伊斯蘭激進份子炸彈攻擊孟買火車時,印度政府歸咎於巴基斯坦人的恐怖組織,導致兩國關係惡化,這次孟買攻擊事件則讓緊張情勢飆到最高點。 巴基斯坦總統札達里呼籲印度,不該因孟買攻擊事件而懲罰巴基斯坦,他還警告,這些非政府惡棍的挑釁,可能使兩國再次陷入戰爭。 如果巴基斯坦的新文人政府涉入這次攻擊事件,那將是令人震驚的消息,分析家表示,尚不能排除巴基斯坦軍情機構涉案可能性。 為了降低緊張情勢,巴基斯坦同意派遣軍情機構代表分享情報,但稍後又改口決定不派遣情報首長,這項舉動將難以安撫印度的怒氣。 印度已經指責巴基斯坦未能制止「恐怖行動的基礎建設」,未來可能會繼續增加反巴基斯坦言論。 印度大選結束前,2004年開展的和平進程可能受阻甚至倒退。 (路透) |
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誰該為情報失誤負責? | |
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在伊斯蘭激進份子登陸孟買發動致命攻擊的前3天,印度總理曼莫漢‧辛格就警告各警察首長,表示印度無法承受另一場攻擊。 當時他的發言頗有預言意味:「我只想在這裡強調,時間並不在我們這一方。」感嘆警方和情報機構無法即時獲取精確且可供行動的情報,來預防這類攻擊。就在前一天,當時的內政部長施萊‧巴提爾也對同一群人表示,印度海岸線需要更完善的防衛。 現在,印度警方、海岸巡防隊、情報機構爭相指責是否早已存在這次攻擊的蛛絲馬跡,以下藉由問答來了解攻擊前明顯的情報疏失。 情報局有疏失嗎? 在孟買攻擊事件之前,印度各大都市就已遭受一連串的炸彈攻擊,2004年後,因炸彈攻擊而死亡的人數升高到僅次於伊拉克。 如同美國情報機構因無法招募足夠的阿拉伯語人才而屢遭批評,以印地語為主的印度情報機構也因未能招募足夠的穆斯林,或未能滲透伊斯蘭激進份子的網絡,而受批判。 有人發佈警告嗎? 有情報來源告訴NDTV新聞頻道,他們已經在數個月內發佈多次警告,預測孟買可能會遭受海上來的襲擊,發生如上週的攻擊事件。 NDTV新聞頻道還報導,11月18日,此次攻擊事件的8天前,最新警告顯示巴基斯坦激進團體拉什卡‧業(L-e-T)‧代巴的海上小組正策劃攻擊。 稍早的報告則警告,印度的標誌性建築「印度門」和奧拜羅三叉戟飯店是可能的攻擊目標。 但是這些情報夠明確嗎? 一名印度高階警官告訴路透社,這些情報未明確到可作為行動參考,特別是印度還擁有極長的海岸線。但一名高階海巡官員則證實他們在攻擊前夕確實收到相關情報。「是,海岸巡防隊和海軍確實收到L-e-T船隻要登陸西北方古加拉地海岸小灣的情報。」古加拉地州位於印度西部,孟買北部,毗鄰巴基斯坦。 漁夫的警告是否被忽略了? 人們有時視漁夫為印度海巡的耳目。馬哈拉什查主要漁會的領導人表示,在4個多月前曾經向政府透露消息,說一些激進份子靠著地下網絡的幫助,利用海路運送RDX爆裂物到孟買。馬哈拉什查漁會會長達莫達‧坦得表示:「沒人注意我們給的消息。」孟買是馬哈拉什查州的首府,坦得說他的訊息來自鄰州古加拉地的漁夫。 政治人物是否太過自信? 印度高層政治人物一向由精銳突擊隊員保護,長久以來頗受媒體和百姓詬病,認為他們自滿、無效率、無能。繼巴地爾,馬哈拉什查州的州長和副州長也提出辭呈。 飯店安全措施足夠嗎? 安全分析家認為,這場攻擊顯示印度大都市在面對堅定的襲擊以及受過訓練、願意捨身的激進團體時,有多麼脆弱。然而印度高級飯店的安全管理一向很鬆散。泰姬飯店集團總裁,泰姬瑪哈飯店的所有人,拉坦‧塔塔告訴CNN,他們曾收到可能發生攻擊的警告。「我們確實有採取一些措施,比如汽車不能停在門廊,你必須通過金屬探測器。但現在看起來,我們所做的一切措施,搞得所有人都不滿的措施,並不能阻止攻擊,因為他們不是從入口進來,而是後方。」 (路透) Three days before Islamist militants landed in Mumbai to launch deadly attacks, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh had warned the country's police chiefs India could not afford another attack. "I only wish to emphasize here that time is not on our side," he said prophetically, bemoaning the inability of the police and intelligence agencies to obtain "pinpointed and actionable intelligence" in time to prevent this kind of attack. Just the day before that, Home Minister Shivraj Patil, who has since resigned, warned the same gathering that India's coastline needed to be guarded better. With India's police, coast guard and intelligence communities pointing fingers over whether information existed that should have been acted on, here are a series of questions and answers about the apparent intelligence failures before the attacks. Were intelligence agencies to blame? India had suffered a series of bombings on its cities even before the Mumbai attacks, and since 2004 has trailed only behind Iraq in terms of lives lost to attacks by militants. Just as U.S. intelligence agencies are often criticized for failing to recruit enough Arabic speakers, India's Hindu-dominated security apparatus has come under fire for failing to enlist enough Muslims or to penetrate the networks of Islamist militants. Were warnings issued? Intelligence sources told the NDTV news channel they had issued a series of warnings of a possible attack on Mumbai by sea in the months leading up to last week's strike. The latest, warning that the "sea wing" of Pakistani-based militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba (L-e-T) was planning an attack, was issued on November 18, just eight days before the militants struck, the TV channel said. An earlier report warned that the Gateway of India monument and the Oberoi-Trident hotel were among the possible targets. But were those reports specific enough? A senior police officer told Reuters the intelligence was were not specific enough to be actionable, especially along such a vast coastline as India's. A top coast guard official, though, did confirm they had received an intelligence report shortly before the attacks. "Yes, the coast guard and navy did have intelligence inputs that an L-e-T boat was to land in the creeks off the northwest Gujarat coast," he told Reuters, referring to the western state which borders Pakistan and lies to the north of Mumbai. Were the fishermen's warnings ignored? Fishermen are sometimes seen as the eyes and ears of the coast guard in India. The head of Maharashtra's leading fishermen's union says he had tipped off the government some four months ago about militants using sea routes to land RDX explosives in Mumbai with help from the city's underworld. "No one acted upon our information," said Damodar Tandel, the president of Maharashtra fishermen's committee. Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra. Tandel said the information came to him from fishermen in neighboring Gujarat. Were politicians complacent? India's top politicians are routinely guarded by elite commandos and already the media and Indian people are accusing leaders of complacency, inefficiency and simple incompetence. The chief minister and deputy chief minister of Maharashtra have both followed Patil in tendering their resignations. Did hotel owners do enough? Security analysts say the attacks showed the vulnerability of major cities to this kind of determined assault from well-trained militants who are prepared to die. But security has long been lax at India's luxury hotels. Ratan Tata, the head of the Taj Group of hotels which owns the Taj Mahal hotel, told CNN that they had received a warning that an attack might take place. "We did have some measures too, you know, where people couldn't park their cars in the portico where you had to go through a metal detector," he said. "But if I look at what we had, which all of us complained about, it could not have stopped what took place. They didn't come through that entrance. They came from somewhere in the back." |
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