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| 教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導《2008-12-11》 |
| 本期內容 | |
| ◎國際專題：血濺愛琴海 希臘警方射殺少年事件簿 | |
| ◎警方射殺少年引發暴亂經過 | |
| ◎希臘歷年重大警民衝突事件 | |
| ◎動亂不止 政府壓力好沈重 | |
| 國際專題：血濺愛琴海 希臘警方射殺少年事件簿 | |
| 策劃■張約翰、蔡秉諭 編譯■蔡秉諭 | |
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2005年，兩名移民後裔的法國青少年躲避警方盤查，被變電設施電死， 引發全國各大城市警民對峙超過一星期，僅巴黎一地，就有數百輛車被焚毀。 上週六，希臘也發生疑似警察濫權槍殺少年事件，造成重大動亂。 警察代表國家行使權力，有整個國家作為後盾，面對警察的人民卻毫無依靠。 儘管群眾的力量不可忽視，但在槍口下，誰是弱勢的一方？似乎不證自明。 |
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| （回目錄） | |
| 警方射殺少年引發暴亂經過 | |
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上週六，警方在首都雅典射殺一名青少年，當日暴亂隨即擴展到全希臘。這起街頭暴力事件是近幾年來最嚴重的一次，以下是事件經過： 12月6日 ◎一名警官在雅典市中心射殺一名15歲少年。這名警員表示他是在對空鳴槍，但目擊者則表示，該名警員在敏感的艾克薩里亞區，與一群青少年發生口角，隨後持槍瞄準少年。 ◎事件後數小時，數千人在雅典示威，投擲汽油彈，砸毀商店窗戶，縱火焚燒垃圾箱。警方與暴亂群眾發生衝突，大量使用催淚瓦斯，市中心瀰漫著催淚氣體。 ◎暴亂擴散到全希臘，包括北部的德薩洛尼基、科摩提尼、優安納，以及旅遊勝地克里特和柯夫。六人因劫掠商店、一人因持有槍械，遭到警方逮捕。 ◎內政部長普洛科皮斯‧帕夫洛普洛斯公開道歉，稍後並提出辭呈，但被總理柯斯塔‧卡拉曼尼斯駁回。 ◎暴動一夜之間擴散到全國，兩名警官因射殺少年一事遭逮捕訊問。 12月7日 ◎翌日，在雅典、德薩洛尼基、克里特、帕特洛、柯夫、優安納，示威者遊行並高喊著：「警察是殺人犯。」 ◎總理普洛科皮斯‧帕夫洛普洛斯致信慰問少年死者的家屬，承諾會懲處兇手，並呼籲大眾冷靜。 ◎一名警官被控謀殺，另一名被控教唆。 ◎示威者在雅典和德薩洛尼基與警方發生衝突，沿主要街道投擲燃燒彈，焚燒店鋪、建築物和汽車。 ◎超過34人在雅典的警民衝突中負傷，警方拘留20多人，市區瀰漫著催淚瓦斯，街道上散佈著玻璃、殘骸、燒黑的汽車。 ◎雅典市長宣佈延後耶誕節慶典。 12月8日 ◎第三日，群眾繼續發動示威，佔據大學建築物。數十起的示威活動使雅典停擺，商店停止營業。 ◎在希臘北部的德薩洛尼基，數百人與警方衝突。 ◎示威擴散到希臘境外，15名示威者佔領倫敦的希臘領事館。 Riots erupted across Greece during the weekend after police shot dead a teenager in the capital late on Saturday. The following is a brief chronology of the incident and the subsequent street violence, the worst to hit Greece in years: Dec 6 - A police officer shoots dead a 15-year-old boy in central Athens. The policeman says he fired warning shots but eyewitnesses say the officer aimed at the boy after a verbal altercation with a group of youths in the volatile Exarchia district. - Hours after the shooting, thousands protest in Athens, throwing petrol bombs, smashing shop windows and setting fire to garbage containers. Police clash with rioters and use large amounts of teargas, choking the capital's center. - Riots spread across Greece, to the northern cities of Thessaloniki, Komotini and Ioannina as well as the tourist resorts of Crete and Corfu. Police arrest six people for looting smashed shops and one individual is held for gun possession. - Interior Minister Prokopis Pavlopoulos makes a public apology and later submits his resignation, which is rejected by Prime Minister Costas Karamanlis. - Riots sweep across the country throughout the night and two police officers are arrested and questioned over the youngster's death. Dec 7 - Thousands of demonstrators chanting "Killers in Uniform" march for a second day in Athens, Thessaloniki, Crete, Patras, Corfu and Ioannina. - Prime Minister Costas Karamanlis sends a letter to the dead teenager' family, expressing his sorrow and promising the culprits will be punished. Pavlopoulos appeals for calm. - One police officer is charged with murder and another with abetting him. - Protesters in Athens and Thessaloniki clash with police and hurl fire bombs along the cities' main streets setting shops, buildings and cars alight. - More than 34 people are injured during the skirmishes and police detains about 20 people in Athens, where glass, debris and charred cars lie strewn across streets choked with tear gas. - The Athens mayor postpones the launch of Christmas festivities. Dec 8 - Demonstrators launch a third day of protests and occupy university buildings. Dozens of marches bring Athens to a standstill as shop owners consider the damage. - Hundreds battle with police in the northern Greek city of Thessaloniki. - Protests spread outside Greece, when 15 demonstrators occupy the Greek consulate in Berlin in solidarity. REUTERS |
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| （回目錄） | |
| 希臘歷年重大警民衝突事件 | |
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日前希臘警方射殺一名15歲少年，激起大規模示威。示威第二天逢週日，在雅典和北部的塞薩洛尼基，數百名示威者和警方發生衝突。1973年11月雅典的學生起義遭到政府強力鎮壓，成為軍事政權下台的契機，也從此規定警方不准進入大學校園。以下列出1973年之後幾起撼動希臘的大規模暴力衝突事件。 1985年11月：紀念1973年學生起義的年度遊行結束後，無政府主義者在雅典騷亂，警察在艾克薩里亞區射殺15歲的米哈里斯‧卡爾德薩斯，示威青年在此區與警方發生衝突。無政府主義者佔據大學化學系。翌日警察衝進燃燒中的大樓逮捕。之後數個月內，學生和警察之間仍持續有零星的衝突。 1991年1月：在西南部城市巴特拉斯反對教育改革的示威中，學校教授尼可斯‧提本尼洛斯遭到射殺，暴亂隨及擴散到全國各地。數年後，示威者仍然高喊口號「提本尼洛斯還活著」來紀念他。 1995年11月：1993年起義將屆一週年時，雅典學生示威，首都柯里達洛斯監獄發生騷亂，進而導致暴動。警察在德薩洛尼基鎮壓支持監獄囚犯的遊行，數十人受傷。雅典暴亂持續數日，示威者攻擊銀行和商店，引起公憤，迫使雅典大學教務長取消禁令，允許警察進入大學，數百人被逮捕。 1999年11月：在紀念1973年學生起義的和平遊行後，數千人在雅典示威，反對美國柯林頓總統訪問雅典，警方和示威群眾爆發衝突，顧慮到示威活動，柯林頓的訪問被推遲兩次。無政府主義者攻擊雅典市中心的政府機關和企業，40多人被逮捕。 2003年6月：在德薩洛尼基的歐盟高峰會期間，青年和無政府主義團體與警方衝突。身著黑衣的暴亂群眾，砸毀商店和銀行的窗戶，投擲汽油彈縱火。之後暴亂者躲藏在大學建築物內，試圖逃出時，有7人被警方逮捕。 （路透） |
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| （回目錄） | |
| 動亂不止 政府壓力好沈重 | |
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經濟前景黯淡，加上政治醜聞，是這次希臘年輕人暴動的遠因，暴動事件可能很快就會對保守派政府帶來致命性打擊。 週六，警方在敏感的艾克薩里亞一帶射殺一名青少年後，雅典和各大城市隨即爆發警民衝突，不過政治分析家和社會學家表示，示威背後有更深一層的理由。 培洛波尼斯大學的政治學教授達奇斯‧卡菲奇斯表示：「射殺雖然是暴亂的導火線，但這只是表面上的原因。政府的經濟政策、政治醜聞和漠不關心，才是根源。」 本週將會是關鍵，執政的新民主黨在國會只掌控正好一半的席位，且工會正準備在週三發動24小時的全面罷工，反對退休金改革、私有化和高物價。 卡菲奇斯表示：「假如再來一次暴動，而雅典人又再次憤怒，那麼國會大選可能會提前。」 希臘是歐盟會員國，1千多萬的人民，在經過10年的經濟榮景後，遇上了全球經濟危機，總理柯斯塔‧卡拉曼尼斯主導的政府正面對層出不窮的難題。 經濟學家預測明年的經濟成長率將低於2％，低於過去10年4％的平均值。失業率則是7％且正在上升，同時通膨仍會居高不下。 即使是在暴動發生前，新民主黨的支持率就已經低於反對黨社會黨5％以上。政府無法制止示威群眾，部分示威者焚燒汽車和辦公場所，導致數百萬歐元的損失，這可能會對執政黨的支持率帶來衝擊。 小報《國家》指責政府毫無對策，並在頭版刊登合成照片，把總理比作羅馬皇帝尼祿，身著寬外袍，手持七弦琴，同時雅典人則在後方縱火焚燒。 阿爾發‧麥特立民意調查公司負責人表示：「暴動對支持率會有負面影響，因為人民會覺得政府軟弱。暴動如果持續下去，將會給政府和穩定帶來毀滅性的衝擊。」 暴力示威傳統 暴力示威是希臘的傳統。每年11月紀念推翻軍事政權的遊行中，學生和警察之間都會發生衝突。 社會學家說，警方把毒品和犯罪問題通通掃蕩到雅典艾克薩里亞區等特定區域，輿論指責警方在這些區域粗暴對待青年人。 社會學家愛麗尼‧巴薩奇安尼表示：「我們眼前所面臨的危機，是源自有缺陷的政治和社會系統。警方的角色和職責定位不明，公眾則未察覺到自身的權利和責任。」 過去的經濟榮景為希臘創造出龐大財富，但同時也有5分之1的人口深陷貧窮線下，而這都還是全球經濟危機襲來之前的事。 政府打算緊縮退休金規定、私有化赤字企業的舉動，讓反對黨社會黨和強勢的工會指責政府只照顧有錢人。 從高價出售公債到違法電話竊聽，一連串轟動的政治醜聞，讓民眾對於政府不負責任的態度甚為憤怒。 許多希臘人想要看到有人站出來，為警察射殺這名富家少年一事負責。 裘苟斯‧巴巴荷里斯托斯在《達‧尼亞》報寫道：「政府如果想要敷衍了事，一定會釀成災禍。被射殺的少年才15歲，只比總理你的小孩大9歲。」 Rioting by youngsters angered by poor economic prospects and political scandals could soon threaten the survival of Greece's conservative government. Clashes broke out in Athens and other Greek cities after police shot dead a teenager in the capital's volatile Exarchia neighbourhood on Saturday, but political analysts and sociologists say the roots of the protests lie far deeper. "The riots started because of the killing, but it was just the cherry on the cake: the problem is the government's economic policy, the scandals, its apathy," Takis Kafetzis, professor of politics at the University of the Peloponnese. This week could be decisive, with the ruling New Democracy party clinging to a one-seat majority in parliament and trade unions preparing for a 24-hour general strike on Wednesday against pension reform, privatisations and the cost of living. "If we have riots again, and we see Athens burn again, we cannot rule out (early) elections," Kafetzis said. After a decade-long economic boom in the European Union member state of about 11 million people, Prime Minister Costas Karamanlis' government faces increasing problems during the global economic crisis. Economists forecast annual economic growth will be well below two percent next year after averaging about four percent over the past decade. Unemployment is at 7 percent and rising, while inflation remains stubbornly high. Even before the riots, New Democracy was trailing the opposition Socialist party by more than five percentage points in opinion polls. Failure to contain the protesters, some of whom torched cars and offices and caused millions of euros in damage, would be another blow to its popularity. Accusing the government of inaction, tabloid newspaper The Country carried a front-page photomontage of Karamanlis as the Roman Emperor Nero, dressed in a toga with a lyre as Athens burned behind him. "The riots will have a negative impact in polls because people perceive the government as weak," said Anthony Livanios, head of pollster Alpha Metrics. "If this continues it will have a devastating effect on the government and on stability." VIOLENT TRADITION Greece has a tradition of violent protests. Students battle police each November on the anniversary of a 1973 demonstration that helped topple a military junta. Sociologists say police have swept drugs and crime problems into specific districts such as Athens' Exarchia neighbourhood where they face accusations of brutality against youths. "We are going through a crisis due to a faulty political and social system," said sociologist Eleni Bassagianni. "It's not clear what the police's role is, what their job is and citizens are not aware of their rights and responsibilities." The economic boom in Greece made many fortunes but also left one-fifth of the population mired below the poverty line, even before the global economic crisis began to take its toll. Government attempts to toughen pension rules and privatise loss-making companies have prompted accusations by Greece's Socialist opposition and powerful trade unions that the government cares only about the wealthy. A string of high-profile scandals -- from overpriced public bond sales to illegal phone taps -- have also fuelled anger at a lack of accountability. Many Greeks want someone to be held responsible for the police killing of the teenager, who was from a well-to-do family. "Any attempt by the government to cover up this incident will have disastrous effects. The dead boy was just 15, Mr Karamanlis, only nine years older than your child," wrote Giorgos Papachristos in Ta Nea newspaper. REUTERS |
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