台 灣 立 報 《 教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導 》 2010-07-29─立報—教育專題深入報導─智邦公益電子報
enews.url.com.tw · April 04,2014台 灣 立 報 《 教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導 》 2010-07-29
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| 台 灣 立 報 《 教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導》 2010-07-29 |
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| 南非種族隔離遺毒：種族隔離下的農村學校 讓南非未來蒙塵 | 魏世昌 |
策劃、編譯■魏世昌 甫落幕的世界盃足球賽，南非佔據世人目光，但種族隔離制度的傷痛，卻一直存在南非人心中，難以抹滅。1948至1994年南非實施種族隔離制度，從此黑人、白人印度人和其他有色人種被迫分隔。曼德拉帶領南非廢除種族隔離制度，但至今農村教育仍深受其害；許多由農場設立的學校難以轉型，引發許多教育問題。■Pupils queue for food at the Stara School and rescue centre in Kibera slum in Nairobi August 4, 2009.REUTERS南非種族隔離結束後，這裡終於有了自來水，14年後有了電力。但卡諾皮方坦農場小學的學生，卻還是沒有教科書。A tap with running water came when apartheid （1） ended, electricity came 14 years later but the text books for each student have yet to arrive at Knoppiesfontein Primary Farm School.白人農場主設立了2千6百餘所農場學校，收容農場內工人的後代，並在校內訓練他們直到能夠上工為止。卡諾皮方坦農場小學為其中一所。這是種族隔離時代教育系統的一個明顯象徵，目的在鎮壓黑人多數。It is one of nearly 2,600 remaining schools set up by white farmers to warehouse the offspring of farmhands until they could work the fields -- a glaring symbol of an apartheid-era education system designed to suppress （2） the black majority.學校蓋在不毛的紅土上，牧牛在乾透的大地尋覓稀疏牧草。南非執政黨非洲民族議會掌權後，該校也代表了16年來未兌現的承諾：結束少數白人的統治。Set in fields dusted orange from the clayish soil and among grazing cattle looking for sparse plants in the parched ground, the school also stands as a symbol of the 16 years of unfulfilled promises after the African National Congress took over, ending white minority rule.非洲民族議會呼籲應對農場學校採取嚴厲措施；但10年來未有太大變化，反讓另一世代的黑人青年陷入終生的農村貧困中。The ANC called for drastic measures for farm schools but little changed in a decade of dithering, trapping another generation of black youth in a lifetime of rural poverty.南非總統雅各布．朱瑪，若未能兌現教育改革的基本承諾：提供更好的教育，在明年的地方選舉中將面對一場硬仗。In local elections next year, President Jacob Zuma and his government could take hard hits if they fail to convince voters they are making headway on basic promises including Zuma's top priority of better education.「學校的廁所條件相當差，目前還在使用簡易蹲坑式的廁所。」校長費德．瑪派說。"Even our toilets are very bad because we are still using the pit toilets," said the school's principal Fredah Mpai.新成立的基礎教育部，已啟動一個長期且所費不貲的計畫。該計畫已讓某些農場學校脫胎換骨，除了有合格的教師外，基礎設施也相當完備。A newly formed Ministry of Basic Education has begun a long and expensive process that has turned some of the farm schools into places with qualified staff and basic infrastructure.南非舉辦世足賽期間，朱瑪革新教育施政，舉辦教育峰會，並且透過賽事來改善當地的學校。During the World Cup hosted by South Africa, Zuma placed a new emphasis on education, holding an education summit and linking the event to improving local schools.批評者說，足球館的興建費用不如拿來蓋新學校。政府估計，教育基礎設施的經費缺口高達美金238億（台幣7千6百億餘元）。Critics said the money spent for soccer stadiums would have been better used for building schools in the country that government estimates say faces up to a 180 billion rand ($23.82 billion) backlog in infrastructure for education.距行政首都普勒托利亞以東約1小時車程的卡納皮斯坦，校區主建築內，學生不分年級擠在同一間教室中上課。更多的年輕學生只能坐在鐵皮屋，沒有電力供應。At Knoppiesfontein, about an hours' drive east of Pretoria, students squeeze in multi-grade classes in the main building while the overflow of younger charges are placed in corrugated tin shacks without electricity.南非其他區域的農場學校情況更為糟糕。瑪派說：「真正的問題在時間，我們希望能盡快解決，因為情況的確很糟。」Farm schools in other parts of the country are in even worse shape. "The problem is time. We wish it to be soon because we are suffering a lot," Mpai said of the new government push.失敗的教育與延滯成長FAILING SCHOOLS AND LAGGING GROWTH教育為南非最大宗預算，佔總支出的20％。但這筆最大宗預算卻未對學校體制或學習成效有顯著改善。Education is the largest segment （3） of South Africa's budget, accounting for 20 percent of state spending in the continent's largest economy, but the largesse has not led to dramatic improvements in the school system or test scores.經濟合作開發組織表示，上週發表的報告指出，南非亟需改善基礎教育，以抗衡非洲其他崛起的國家與全球富國。The OECD said in a report this week the country needed to improve basic education to compete with rising countries in Africa and rich nations globally.「若我們不對教育問題用心，將喪失國家發展的能力。」朱瑪6月份於約翰尼斯堡受訪時告訴路透社。"If we do not tackle education, then we will have failed to tackle the development of this country," Zuma said at a Reuters Newsmaker event last month in Johannesburg.農場學校以「私人土地上的公立學校」為人知曉，有些教育工作者估計，全國1,130萬學生中，至少15％在農場學校上學。Farm schools are officially known as "public schools on private land" and serve what some educators estimate to be at least 15 percent of the country's 12.3 million students.種族隔離制度結束後，省級學區應當與地主達成開辦學校協議，大部分為農民與基督教堂。After apartheid ended, provincial school districts were supposed to reach agreements with land owners, mostly farmers but also Christian churches, for running the schools.大多數地主照辦，少數將他們的農場轉換為危險野生動物保護區，同時維持學校營運。約8百名地主尚未達成協議。Most landowners complied （4）, a few converted their farms into wild game preserves for dangerous animals while keeping the schools open, and about 800 have yet to reach any agreement.基礎教育部部長葛雷特．庫切說：「很長一段時間，簽署這些協議的腳步非常慢，以致教育的基礎設施維持與改善均停滯不前。今天，這些學校大部分狀況很不好。」"For a long time, the pace of signing those agreements has been very slow. As a result ... the infrastructure maintenance and improvement that should have happened did not happen," said Gerrit Coetzee, director of rural education for the Ministry of Basic Education. "Today, the appearance of most of those schools is in an appalling state."一線希望A FEW RAYS OF HOPE人權觀察組織2004年提出南非學校危急現況的報告後，政府才開始有所行動。The government was spurred （5） to action in 2004 after a stinging Human Rights Watch report on the schools' condition.庫切說，基礎教育部最後提出有效改善農場學校的計劃，包括關閉類似於卡諾皮方坦農場小學的學校。一旦學生準備好接受改變，能夠馬上將學生送到鄰近適合的、較好的學校就學。Coetzee said the ministry finally has an effective plan in place for improving farm schools that includes closing the likes of Knoppiesfontein -- once students are prepared for the change and can be sent to better and appropriate schools nearby.其中一個成功的故事為波斯卡小學，學生有課桌、書籍、教室有電力供應，還有熱騰騰的午餐。One of the success stories is the Boschkop Primary School about 30 minutes away by car where, although Spartan, students have desks, books, classrooms with electricity and hot lunches.波斯卡小學曾經是簡陋的土屋，1953年由白人農場主設立，每週提供一次食物給學生。政府的經費挹注下，該校已獲重建，而私人捐助者鼎力協助，9百名學生有24名教師授課。The school was once a mud hut set up in 1953 by white farmers who would provide food once a week. It has been rebuilt with money from the government and private donors to help the about 900 students there now being taught by 24 educators.庫切說：「的確改善許多了，但真正的問題是如何加速。」"There have been improvements," the ministry's Coetzee said. "The question is how do you accelerate that."（路透REUTERS）關鍵字詞Key Words1. apartheid(n.) 種族隔離政策（南非）2. suppress(v.) 鎮壓3. segment(n.) 部分4. comply (v.) 順從、遵從5. spur (v.) 刺激、鼓舞 |
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