台 灣 立 報 《 教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導 》 2010-08-19─立報—教育專題深入報導─智邦公益電子報
enews.url.com.tw · April 04,2014台 灣 立 報 《 教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導 》 2010-08-19
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| 台 灣 立 報 《 教 育 專 題 深 入 報 導》 2010-08-19 |
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| 克什米爾獨立聲音 你聽見了嗎：街頭深陷動亂 全區宵禁 | 魏世昌 |
策劃、編譯■魏世昌 被印度、巴基斯坦與中國3國緊緊環繞的克什米爾，打從出生驅體便殘破不堪。印控克什米爾地區的民族矛盾，在程度和傷亡人數上，不比鄰近的西藏或新疆低，近來大規模反印統治，與外力唆使無關，完全起於內部原因；追根究柢，克什米爾人要自已掌握未來。網路社交平台在這波抗爭更扮演關鍵角色，青年號召群眾加入抗爭之列，數位科技讓外界聽到、看到克什米爾人的真正訴求。■ Kashmiri protester shouts slogans against Indian rule during an anti-India protest on the outskirts of Srinagar August 18, 2010. Reuters除了流浪狗外，印屬克什米爾的街道上杳無人煙。警方層層佈署在夏季省會斯利那加的街角，至今共殺害了數十名反抗印度鎮壓的抗議人士。Many of Indian Kashmir's streets lie deserted aside from stray dogs. Police, who have killed dozens of protesters defying India's efforts to quell a separatist uprising, stand at street corners in the region's summer capital of Srinagar.馬羅法．卡漢說，他17歲的表弟穆罕默德．伊克巴爾只因出外買餅乾，就遭警方槍殺。商店老闆先發現伊克巴爾躺在地上，一顆子彈從他後腦貫穿，眼球從眼窩彈出，死狀悽慘。"He only went out to get biscuits," said Maroofa Khan, telling how police shot dead her cousin, 17-year-old Mohammed Iqbal. A shop owner found Iqbal lying on the ground: a bullet pierced （1） the back of his head, forcing an eyeball out of its socket.伊克巴爾的槍擊事件引爆民眾與警方對立的街頭抗爭，他的葬禮吸引數千人送行。此後克什米爾陷入2個多月的抗議與罷工動亂。Iqbal's shooting sparked street battles with police and his funeral drew tens of thousands, seething as the might of India's state fell on two months of protests and strikes.印度統治面臨20年來最嚴重的反抗，不料得到如此嚴酷的回應，激發各界對於總理曼莫漢政府是否能夠解決克什米爾爭端的辯論。The iron-fisted response to one of the biggest rebellions （2） against Indian rule in two decades has sparked debate whether Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's government has any idea about how to resolve disputed Kashmir.這起暴力事件相較於1989年的暴動來說，規模小得許多。那次印度軍隊與穆斯林激進份子的衝突，至少造成4萬7千人死亡。The violence is small in contrast to when at least 47,000 people were killed in clashes involving Indian troops and Muslim militants in the two decades after the 1989 uprising broke out.不過，激進青年不選擇軍事攻擊，而是倚靠群眾抗議表達訴求。此舉對印度政府造成更巨大的政治挑戰。But a radicalised youth relying on mass protests rather than militant attacks to promote their cause may prove a huge political challenge for the Indian government.克什米爾為世界最軍事化的地區之一，數十萬印度軍隊進駐後，引發眾怒。軍隊權力允許在未經審判、沒有搜查令的狀況下，隨意搜捕有反抗意圖的居民。Anger has always been widespread at hundreds of thousands of Indian troops in Kashmir, one of the world's most militarised regions. Army powers allowing arrest without trial and raids without warrants （3） infuriated residents.但現在看來，今年警方的槍殺事件才是引爆點。But police killings this year appeared to be a tipping point.印度政府派出不會說克什米爾語的印度籍聯邦警察赴該區，不過大多遭到克什米爾人的鄙視。The government has sent in federal police of mainly Hindus who do not speak Kashmiri. They are mostly despised by Kashmiris.一間醫院的外科醫師戳著記者的肚子說：「大部分遭槍擊的位置都在這個地方以上，這就是我形容的『一槍斃命』，警方並非瞄準雙腿。」"People get shot mostly here and above," said one hospital surgeon, poking the journalist in the stomach. "That is what I call shooting to kill. They are not aiming at the legs.「施湯所」SOUP KITCHENS6月份開始學校全數關閉，兒童在家中接受數小時的密談。斯利那加重點清真寺因印度軍隊進駐已關閉數週。帶刺鐵絲網的檢查站開始湧現，許多地區記者不得其門而入。Schools have been closed since June. Children spend hours closeted in homes. Srinagar's main mosque has been shut for weeks by Indian forces. Barbed wire checkpoints spring up across the city. Several districts are out of bounds for journalists.但在訪談過程中，克什米爾人似乎大多支持抗議，反駁印度政府斷言這場抗議是由巴基斯坦扔石頭的滋事者所煽動。But in scores of interviews, Kashmiris appear to support protests, contradicting New Delhi's assertions （4） that protests are sparked by Pakistan-inspired, stone-throwing trouble makers.宵禁期間走在斯利那加的街道上，舉目所及滿是石塊。寂靜偶爾被警方以自動步槍打在街燈柱的威嚇聲所打破。對路過的記者，許多克什米爾人大喊「自由」。Walking through Srinagar under curfew, streets were littered with stones. The silence was occasionally broken by police with automatic rifles menacingly banging batons on lampposts. But several Kashmiris shouted "freedom" at the passing journalists.「施湯所」由穆斯林志願團體設立，主要在糧食短缺時供應湯和麵包。志願教師在臨時建築中設立了學校。Soup kitchens have been set up by Muslim volunteer groups as supplies run short. Volunteer teachers have set up schools in make-shift buildings.擠在一個小巷提心弔膽的盯著附近的警察，幾位居民敘述警方的惡形惡狀。包括如何任意的用石塊砸碎房子的玻璃與搜查房子。Huddled on one alley and nervously eyeing nearby police, several residents recounted how police pelted stones to break their house windows and raided their homes at will.28歲的店長可汗說：「大家的想法都一樣，我們希望印度滾蛋。」可汗指著一名6歲男童，男童雙腿遭警棍蹂躪。"Everyone feels the same. We just want India out," said Khan, a 28-year-old shopkeeper. He pointed out a six-year-old boy whose leg was smashed by a police baton.印度政府說，扔石頭滋事者手持火把丟向建築與警察局後，才爆發槍擊事件。官方指出，超過1千名警察在衝突中受傷。The government says shootings follow attacks by stone throwing protesters who torch buildings and police stations. Authorities say more than 1,000 police have been injured.印度官員指出，親印度的查摩與克什米爾省省長阿布杜拉，贏得了2008年最後一邦的選舉。這次投票率超過6成。Officials point out that pro-India Kashmir Chief Minister Omar Abdullah won the last state election in 2008 with a turnout of more than 60 percent.不過，這場抗爭造成至少50人喪生、數百名受傷，還有一名兒童遭到警方以彈弓射穿眼睛。這讓克什米爾人期望阿布杜拉帶來改變的希望完全落空，對阿布杜拉信心大失。But the killing of at least 50 protesters and the wounding of hundreds more, including one child who lost an eye from a marble catapulted by police, has dashed Kashmiris hopes that Abdullah would bring changes.可汗只願意提供名字，拒絕透露姓氏以防遭到報復。他說：「我們一致贊同發展，但什麼都沒發生。只要停止抗議，印度就完全遺忘了我們。」"We then voted for development," said Khan, who only gave his first name for fear of reprisal （5）. "But nothing happened. When we stop protesting, India forgets about us."現在，許多年輕抗議者使用社交網路來組織抗議群眾，像是臉書與推特。Many young protesters are now using social networks Facebook and Twitter to organise protests.24歲的電腦科學研究生沙赫納瓦茲．賽義德說：「我不會選擇走上街頭抗議，我在臉書完成這件事。宵禁時間我在睡覺、接著上臉書，兩者間不斷循環。」"I don't protest on the streets. I protest on Facebook," said Shahnawaz Syed, a 24 year-old computer sciences post graduate. "I spend curfews sleeping, then Facebook, sleep, then Facebook."（路透Reuters）關鍵字詞Key Words1. pierce(v.) 刺穿、刺破2. rebellion(n.) 反抗3. warrant(n.) 搜查令4. assertion (n.) 斷言5. reprisal (n.) 報復 |
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