策劃、編譯■李威撰、謝雯伃

希特勒曾表示，若要理解國家社會主義，必先瞭解華格納，

過去數十年，華格納音樂也一直被視為納粹的象徵，在以色列境內始終是禁忌，

本週國際專題除介紹以色列最新一起華格納風波外，

也說明華格納與納粹之間的關聯性，以及猶太人為何長久以來無法接受這位作曲家。

■圖為以色列室內交響樂團彩排情形。（圖／路透）

華格納是希特勒鍾愛的作曲家，長期以來以色列都禁演華格納的作品。明年，一個以色列管弦樂團將在德國演奏華格納的作品，料將撩動眾人心弦，也挑戰了長久以來的禁忌。為免激起大屠殺倖存者的千愁萬緒，以色列樂團鮮少演奏華格納的音樂。

An Israeli orchestra （1） will strike an emotional chord in Germany next year when it plays a work by Richard Wagner, Hitler's favorite composer （2）, further challenging a long-standing taboo in Israel on his music. Israeli ensembles hardly ever play Wagner, citing the feelings of Holocaust survivors.

然而，以色列室內交響樂團主席塔爾米表示，隨著時光流逝，大屠殺的年長倖存者逐漸凋零，以色列國內對於這位19世紀反猶太作曲家作品的激烈反對也漸漸消退。

But with the passage of time and the dwindling numbers of elderly survivors, vehement opposition in the Jewish state to the works of the anti-Semitic （3） 19th-century composer is fading, Israel Chamber Orchestra (ICO) chairwoman Erela Talmi said.

「我想時代氛圍已然改變，曾經歷集中營痛苦的人不是年事已高，就是離開人世；而那些為他們表達意見的人僅是少數，且這些人的意見也難以被傾聽。」她說。

"I think that the atmosphere has changed and that those people who were at the concentration camps （4） are either weaker or no longer with us, and those who voiced their opinion are only a few and it is hard for them to (be heard now)," she said.

明年7月紀念華格納歌劇作品的拜魯特音樂節中，以色列室內交響樂團將參與演出。

The ICO is to perform in July on the fringes of the annual Beyreuth festival in Germany that celebrates Wagner's operas.

以色列室內交響樂團將演奏華格納的管絃樂作品《齊格菲牧歌》（Siegfrid Idyll），連同以色列作曲家艾芙尼（Zvi Avni）的作品。此外，他們還將演奏出生於德國的孟德爾頌和出生於奧地利的馬勒作品。這兩名作曲家名列最傑出的猶太裔作曲家之列。

It will play Wagner's Siegfrid Idyll, an orchestral piece, as well as a work by Israeli composer Zvi Avni and music by German-born Felix Mendelssohn and Austrian-born Gustav Mahler, two of the most prominent among Jewish-born composers.

多年來，以色列部分音樂家曾嘗試公開表演華格納的音樂，然而輕則造成觀眾離席表示抗議，有些時候甚至嚴重到激起白熱化的公開辯論。

Attempts over the years by some musicians in Israel to perform Wagner's music have caused audience members to walk out in protest and have triggered heated public debate.

華格納也是以色列國營媒體的禁忌。在國營媒體中全面禁止播送他的音樂。

Wagner is also taboo （5） on state-owned media in Israel which largely keep his work off the air.

以色列室內交響樂團的奧地利籍指揮家羅布托帕特斯特表示，樂團僅會在德國境內排練、演奏華格納的音樂。

The ICO will rehearse and play Wagner's music only while in Germany, said the orchestra's Austrian conductor, Roberto Paternostro.

他說，以色列抵制了許多舊日德國的象徵物，華格納就是其中一個遭長期壓制的遺物。雖然其他正式與納粹有所連結的象徵物已被解除禁令，但華格納仍舊是以色列的禁忌話題。

Wagner, he said, was a lingering relic of Israel's boycott of old German symbols and although taboos on other items formerly associated with the Nazi regime had been abandoned, the composer remained banned.

「華格納成了一個象徵。在以色列開福斯汽車不會有什麼大問題，搭漢莎航空也不會有什麼問題。我今天就是搭一台賓士計程車來音樂廳的。不過華格納就是變成所有昔日恐怖片段的象徵。」羅布托帕特斯特向《路透》表示。

"Wagner became a symbol ... there is no problem to own a Volkswagen in Israel and there is no problem to travel here on Lufthansa. Today I arrived at the concert hall in a Mercedes taxi, but Wagner became a symbol of all the terrible things that happened," Paternostro told Reuters.

華格納曾經發表過反猶太的言論。他雖在希特勒掌權前半個世紀就已過世，但希特勒這名納粹獨裁者卻是華格納瘋狂的崇拜者，甚至在他自己關於種族淨化和終結猶太人的論述中，引用這名作曲家的文字。

Although Wagner, who penned anti-Semitic texts, died half a century before Hitler came to power, the Nazi dictator was a fervent admirer and drew on the composer's writings in his own theories on racial purity and exterminating the Jews.

今年年初，華格納專家羅布托帕特斯特被指派為以色列室內交響樂團的藝術總監；他於就任之初即表示，在華格納音樂節期間，他有意讓這支管絃樂團於北巴伐利亞小鎮拜魯特演出。

Wagner expert Paternostro was appointed artistic director of the ICO at the start of the year and said he had raised the idea for the orchestra to play in the northern Bavarian town of Bayreuth during the time of the Wagner festival.

羅布托帕特斯特是一名猶太人，他的母親和其他親戚是大屠殺的倖存者。他表示，曾向主辦音樂節的華格納曾孫女凱薩琳娜．華格納，提出以色列室內交響樂團參與該音樂節的計畫。

Paternostro, who is Jewish and whose mother and other relatives are Holocaust survivors, said he proposed the idea of the ICO's appearance to Wagner's great-granddaughter, Katharina Wagner, who has given her patronage to the event.

塔米爾表示，在以色列室內交響樂團2千名訂戶中，她僅聽到1名聽眾表示要取消季票；同時所有管絃樂團成員都贊成演奏華格納的音樂。

Talmi said that of the 2,000 orchestra subscribers she had heard only one said she would cancel her season-ticket, while every orchestra member was in favor of playing Wagner.

以色列的大屠殺倖存者對是否該演奏這名德國作曲家的音樂則各持意見。「我曾經待過馬答涅克集中營，我在那經歷過的所有事都相當糟糕；而現在我們的音樂家竟然要到德國去演奏華格納。我只能說：不、不、不。」75歲的漢娜表示。

Israeli Holocaust survivors expressed varying opinions on whether the German composer's music should be played. "I was in Majdanek (concentration camp) and everything I went through there was bad and now when our musicians go to Germany to play Wagner, well I say No, no and once again no," said 75-year-old Hanna Rosenbuch.

（路透 Reuters）

關鍵字詞Key Words1. orchestra

(n.) 管弦樂隊

2. composer

(n.) 作曲家

3. anti-Semitic

(adj.) 反猶的

4. concentration camp

(n.) 集中營

5. taboo

(n.) 禁忌

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