策劃、編譯■李威撰、謝雯伃

經濟緊縮及高失業率問題，在歐洲已成普遍現象，

由於年輕人受害甚深，因此各國相繼出現由學生及青年發起的抗議運動。

然而他們有多少影響力？形態上又與其他抗議活動有何不同？

這些都值得未來進一步觀察及借鑑。

■在西班牙馬德里太陽門廣場上，一名參加野營抗議的支持者正哼唱著歌謠。（圖文／路透）

西班牙「憤怒青年」的團結在歐洲掀起一波抗議風潮，失業及感到孤立的年輕人對慘澹的未來表達他們的挫折感。

Solidarity with Spain's "los indignados (the indignant （1）)" has sparked a wave of protest across Europe as jobless and alienated young people show their frustration over their bleak futures.

這一代歐洲年輕人是「失落的世代」，面臨工作、機會和社會福利的減少，還要負擔前幾代過度花費所造成的後果。從倫敦到雅典，他們取代式微的工會及尸位素餐的政客，帶頭表示不滿。

Faced with dwindling jobs, opportunities and benefits and bearing the burden of previous generations' overspending, this "lost generation" of young Europeans is taking the lead away from weakened labour unions and ineffectual politicians in voicing the discontent felt by many from London to Athens.

在西班牙5月的選舉前，上萬名示威者蜂湧至全國各地廣場，明確地表示抵制主流政客，這些人應該要為長期的經濟沉痾及45％的青年失業率負責。

Tens of thousands of demonstrators packed squares across Spain ahead of local elections in May to make clear they rejected the mainstream politicians blamed for the country's prolonged economic woes and 45 percent youth unemployment.

與倫敦、巴黎和雅典所爆發的示威活動類似，西班牙發生的抗議活動主要是無領導且無組織的自發性活動，這反應出歐元區債務危機後，左翼團體不是失勢，就是將立場由譴責縮減開支轉變為支持緊縮方案。

Like similar movements in London, Paris and Athens, the protests were largely leaderless and amorphous （2） and reflected a drift from leftist parties that are either powerless or have supported austerity （3） pacts rather than denounce spending cuts arising from the euro zone debt crisis.

馬德里西班牙企業學院教授巴赫說：「當整個國家幾乎有半數青年失業……當失業青年感覺被政治體制拋棄……這不只是一場經濟危機的說法是公允的。」

"When almost half of a country's youth is unemployed ... and when they feel abandoned by the political system ... It's fair to say this is no longer just an economic crisis," said David Bach, a professor at the IE Business School in Madrid.

雖說法德兩國已回復經濟成長，但大多數歐元區國家仍在奮力回復，脫離超額信貸、房市泡沫、以及迫使政府大幅增加支出的銀行倒閉。

Although France and Germany have returned to economic growth, much of the euro currency area is struggling to recover from credit gluts, housing bubbles and bank collapses that forced governments to make the drastic spending.

希臘去年捲入債信危機，必須對外要求紓困，目前歐盟及國際貨幣基金協商第二波援助計畫，內容包括實施嚴厲的緊縮方案。

Greece is negotiating a second aid package -- including harsh austerity measures -- with the European Union and the International Monetary Fund after it spiralled into a debt crisis and had to ask for a bailout （4） last year.

在雅典國會大樓外圍，每天有數以千計希臘民眾進行抗議，且參與人數不斷增加。上週在雅典限法廣場上架起約50座帳棚，與馬德里市中心的帳棚村遙相輝映。此外，一場名為「憤怒市民」的活動透過部落格，呼籲大眾莫再忍受那些應該要為希臘經濟混亂負責的政治人物。

Thousands of Greeks have been staging daily -- and growing -- demonstrations outside parliament in Athens. About 50 tents were on Syntagma square in the past week -- mirroring the tent village in central Madrid -- and a movement called "The Indignant Citizens" called on its blog for the end of tolerance for those responsible for Greece's economic turmoil.

倫敦風險顧問機構Control Risks的西歐政治分析師利亞表示：「你在希臘看見與西班牙一樣的示威活動一點也不意外，因為這兩國的經濟情況相似。……這是在歐洲各國都會看見的情形，但也因國而異。」

"It's no surprise that the country where you've seen protests in sympathy (with Spain) is Greece, as they're the two most similar situations," said David Lea, Western Europe political analyst at Control Risks. "It is something you're going to see across Europe, but there will be national differences."

巴黎示威者在鎮暴警察對集會施行禁令後，將每日集會移至靠近巴士底廣場的地點進行，揮舞的標語上寫著「現在就要真正的民主」「巴黎，醒來吧」和「憤怒吧」。抗議者組成特別委員會草擬提案，自告奮勇的民眾將種種不滿記錄下來並編纂成冊，就像是法國大革命早期的作法一樣。

Protesters in Paris have moved their daily meetings to a location near the Place de la Bastille after riot police imposed a ban on gatherings. Brandishing signs reading "Real democracy now," "Wake up, Paris" and "Get Indignant!," protesters have created specialised commissions to draw up proposals, while volunteers record and compile grievances, echoing a practice from the early days of the French Revolution.

在英國，學生領導抗議活動，反對即將實施的緊縮政策，近來集會也吸引「工作不穩」的年輕人加入，如領取年金及辦公室的雇員等。一名示威者說：「我看到有越來越多人穿著西裝打著領帶來參加我們的集會。」

In Britain, students have led the protests against upcoming austerity measures, but recent gatherings have also drawn young people in "precarious" jobs -- pensioners and office workers. "I have seen more and more people coming to our meetings in suits and ties," one protester said.

與今年稍早的中東抗議民眾一樣，歐洲抗議群眾也是透過社交媒體來組織，憑藉相同的目標（如增加年輕人的工作機會及提升社會正義）而組成草根運動，一場在6月舉行的泛歐洲「主要示威日」也正在醞釀中。

Like protesters in the Middle East earlier this year, the European groups have organised themselves via social media into a grassroots （5） movement underpinned by common goals such as more jobs for youths and enhanced social justice. A pan-European "major day of protest" is being planned for later in June.

在西班牙馬德里太陽門廣場聳立3星期之久的營帳，面臨解散的壓力，組織者目前尋求在附近地區設立類似的抗議帳棚區，維持氣勢直到明年3月大選的到來。

Facing increasing pressure to dismantle their three-week-old tent settlement in Madrid's Puerta del Sol plaza, Spanish organisers are now setting up neighbourhood groups to retain momentum in the run-up to general elections due by March.

西班牙這一代青年，被視為是做好最充足準備的勞動力，但卻擁有最少的工作機會。如今大多數的年輕人仍與父母同住。22歲的視聽傳播學生伊克爾（他拒絕說出自己的姓氏）：「現在的目標是要讓抗議活動在西班牙持續進行，並散播到歐洲其他地方。」

Spain's young people are considered one of the generations best prepared to enter the work force, but with the lowest chances of finding a job. The majority still live with their parents. "The main goal now is to keep the movement alive here and spread it to the rest of Europe," said Iker, a 22-year-old audio-visual communications student. He declined to give his last name.

現年18歲的馬丁是主修翻譯的學生，他說：「這裡沒有我可以做的工作。政治人物並不想要聆聽我們的想法，不過本質上他們知道我們是對的。我們只是要確保我們有未來。」他目前正計畫要趕緊離開西班牙，到其他地方找工作。

"There's no work for me here. The politicians don't want to listen to us, but deep down they know we're right. We're just trying to make sure we have a future here," said Martin, an 18-year-old translation student, who is thinking of leaving Spain soon to seek work elsewhere.

示威者目前正試著將長篇累牘的需求縮減為一個共同平台，包括貸款辦法及選舉制度的改革，前者造成許多西班牙人債台高築，後者則是要減低兩大黨的主導地位。

Demonstrators are now trying to narrow their long list of demands into a common platform including reforms of lending practices that have saddled many Spaniards with high debt and electoral reforms to reduce the dominance of two main parties.

在馬德里的學校研究19世紀大眾政治運動的25歲學生賈西亞，在社區示威活動的詢問處工作。他的目標是想要看見他這一代人能真正擁有工作機會。賈西亞說：「這個國家已經完了，我們大多數人所期待的最好工作就是去送比薩。」

Working from a post with information on neighbourhood gatherings, Alvaro Garcia, a 25-year-old student researching 19th century popular political movements in Madrid, said his goal was to see real job opportunities for his generation. "This country has gone down the toilet. The best most of us can expect to work in is delivering pizzas," Garcia said.

（路透Reuters）

1. indignant

(a.) 憤怒的

2. amorphous

(a.) 無組織的

3. austerity

(n.) （經濟）緊縮

4. bailout

(n.) （財政）紓困

5. grassroots

(a.) 草根的、基層的