多年以來，死亡如影隨形威脅著南非白人農民。自從1994年種族隔離結束後，遭謀殺的人已超過3千人。

在鄰近國家辛巴威，2000年開始的一項恐嚇運動，已經將超過4千名農夫趕離了他們的土地，也有20幾人因而喪命。

今年3月初，南非執政黨「非洲民族議會」（ANC）的青年團主席馬里瑪（Julius Malema），在公開場合中大唱一首種族隔離時代的流行民謠《射殺波爾人》（Dubula Ibhunu）後，南非4萬名白人農夫日積月累的脆弱無助攀升到最高點。《射殺波爾人》民謠已於3月底遭南非高等法院禁止。

不會有比馬里瑪選擇唱這首歌的時機更糟的了。3月底在瓜祖魯那他省（KwaZulu-Natal）克蘭索郊區的農業社區，71歲的酪農奈及爾和他64歲的妻子玲奈特在擠牛奶時被射殺，奈及爾重傷，而林內特不幸身亡。

同一天，在接近波赤斯楚的自家農莊，一名46歲的斐人（南非土生土長的白人）在睡夢中被射殺，子彈貫穿臥室窗戶。幾天後，一名61歲老者在林坡坡省自家農莊的床上被刺身亡。

ANC的資深官員為《射殺波爾人》民謠的復興辯護道，這不過是講述黑人過去掙扎的懷舊歌曲；但身處ANC反對陣營「民主聯盟」（Democratic Alliance, DA）的史多克斯（Tom Stokes）則對此持審慎觀望態度。他說，ANC持續與射殺波爾人出現關聯，沒有正當藉口。

「ANC說這首歌只是保存了黑人奮鬥文學的精神，這種論述在失去妻子、母親和祖母的農耕家庭耳中，根本空洞無意義。」他補充說道。

史多克斯的看法獲得自由陣線聯盟黨（Freedom Front Plus）的艾伯特斯（Anton Alberts）支持，他說：「馬里瑪的言論創造了一種氛圍，鼓勵了想要進行謀殺的人。他是清勦南非白人農民的共犯。」

南非各地有許多農人覺得生命受到威脅。在北方省（Northern Province），一幅大形廣告牌下方，出現了用斐語寫的「農場屠殺」（plaasmoorde）字樣。一片山坡上插了成千上萬支白色十字架，每一個代表一名遭殺害的農人。這些事件並沒有被當地媒體大肆報導。畢竟，這已是每日幾乎都會發生的事了。

（泰晤士報）

策劃、編譯■謝雯伃

在種族隔離時代，南非白人在政府的保護下佔盡優勢，

享有好工作好福利，不需擔憂未來。

1994年解除隔離後，過去被剝奪限制各項權利的黑人成為南非新主流，

新的政治正確，是補償在不堪回首隔離歷史中受壓迫的黑人民眾，

南非白人反倒成為新的弱勢族群，貧者得不到援助，而富農也在種族仇恨的陰影下，惶惶不安。

坐在白人貧民帳篷營區裡的帆布椅上，60歲的勒烏（Ann le Roux）手上拿著女兒結婚當日的泛黃照片。

Sitting in a deck chair at a white South African squatter camp, Ann le Roux, 60, holds a yellowing photo from her daughter’s wedding day.

這張照片攝於1994年，曼德拉剛當上南非第一位黑人總統後不久後拍攝。照片中勒烏、只會說斐語（Afrikaan）的丈夫和女兒站在約翰尼斯堡高級住宅區梅爾維爾（Melville）留影。

Taken not long after Nelson Mandela became the country’s first black president in 1994, it shows Le Roux standing with her Afrikaans husband and their daughter outside their home in Melville, an upmarket Johannesburg neighborhood.

16年後，她跟著移動車隊，住在一處專為貧窮白人所設的營區中，與其他7個人共享一具帳篷，其中包括她的女兒和4名孫兒。

Sixteen years later, she lives in a caravan and a tent shared with seven other people, including her daughter and four grandchildren, at a squatter camp for poor white South Africans.

她是南非生活在貧窮線下的白人之一。數量不斷上升的這些白人，將自身困境怪在優惠措施和執政黨非洲民族議會（ANC）身上。

She is one of a growing number of whites living below the poverty line in South Africa who blame affirmative action 1 and the ANC-led elected government for their plight.

在她丈夫過後，勒烏必須賣掉房子；同時因為她休了長假，想從失去丈夫的悲傷中平復，因而失去了已從事達26年之久的都市規劃委員會秘書一職。

Le Roux had to sell her house after her husband died and she lost her job as a secretary at the city planning council — where she had worked for 26 years — after she took time off work to recover from the loss of her husband.

「他們不願意請我回去，因為政治情況已經改變了。」她邊說，邊望著已褪色的照片。

“They wouldn’t take me back because of the political situation,” she says, looking down at the fading photo.

「現在我們的膚色在南非是政治不正確的膚色。」勒烏呼應了許多經濟窘迫白人的抱怨，這些人大多是早期荷蘭和法國殖民者的後裔，當地土生土長的白種人斐人（Afrikaner）。

“Our color here is not the right color now in South Africa,” Le Roux says, echoing the complaint of many impoverished whites, mostly Afrikaners 2 who are descendants of early Dutch and French settlers.

當大多數南非白人仍舊享受著擁有特權的生活和相對豐盈的財富時，過去15年來，白人的貧窮人口數目卻持續上升。根據南非國家安全研究所指出，在1995年到2005年之間，白人的失業率幾乎加倍。

While most white South Africans still enjoy lives of privilege and relative wealth, the number of poor whites has risen steadily over the past 15 years. White unemployment nearly doubled between 1995 and 2005, according to the country’s Institute for Security Studies.

艱難時光

HARD TIMES

為了要轉變數十年來的種族不平等，執政的非洲民族議會制定了種種優惠措施法案，保障黑人的工作權，同時提供南非黑人更多經濟上的機會。這項種族聘用方案的轉變，加上全球金融危機的附帶結果，代表許多貧窮的南非白人在艱難時刻一蹶不振。

Seeking to reverse decades of racial inequality, the ruling ANC government introduced affirmative action laws that promote employment for blacks and aim to give black South Africans a bigger slice of the economy. This shift in racial hiring practices coupled with the fallout from the global financial crisis means many poor white South Africans have fallen on hard times.

根據民權團體和南非大型白人組織「團結工聯」（Solidarity）的資料顯示，南非白人人口的10%，亦即至少45萬人，居住於貧窮線下，而有10萬人難以維生。南非總人口約5千萬人。

At least 450,000 white South Africans, 10 percent of the total white population, live below the poverty line and 100,000 are struggling just to survive, according to civil organisations and largely white trade union Solidarity. South Africa’s population is about 50 million.

許多貧窮白人最後住到約翰尼斯堡西部克魯格斯多普（Krugersdorp）加冕公園這樣的地方；過去這裡是熱鬧的車隊露營營區，座落在水源保護區，有個野餐公園，週末時常有中產階級家庭造訪。

Many poor whites have ended up in places like Coronation Park, in Krugersdorp west of Johannesburg, a leafy former caravan site beside a water reservoir and a public picnic park frequented by middle-class families at weekends.

公園周圍被數世代淘金者所製造出來的黃土丘包圍；在20世紀剛開始時，這裡是英國人在布爾戰爭中囚禁斐人的集中營。而現在，這裡是將近4百名白人遊民暫居之地，他們住在狹窄的帳篷和拖車中，共用一套衛生設備。營地周圍，野貓野狗吵鬧地漫步，還得四處閃開成堆的垃圾、一疊疊的廢金屬和廢棄汽車零件。

Ringed by yellow-brown hills of earth dug up by generations of gold miners, the park was used by the British as a concentration camp for Afrikaners during the Anglo-Boer war at the start of the 20th century. Now it’s home to some 400 white squatters living in cramped tents and caravans and sharing a single ablution block. Cats and dogs roam noisily through the camp, dodging heaps of rubbish, piles of scrap metal and abandoned car parts.

居民用露天營火加熱水溫、烹煮食物。在驅逐白人遊民不成後，當地委員會對營區斷電。委員會希望在6、7月之際，南非主辦世界盃足球賽前，將這片營區改成大型露天轉播中心。

Water is heated and food cooked on open camp fires. The local council cut electricity to the camp after failing to evict 3 the white squatters. The council wanted to develop the area into a wide screen viewing area for soccer matches ahead of the soccer World Cup, which South Africa hosts in June and July.

有些居民在這裡住了好多年，包括3名非裔南非人。其他人在這幾週內搬進來。

Some residents, including three black South Africans, have lived there for years. Others arrived in recent weeks.

「如果你沒有工作，也沒有錢，你有那裡可去？沒有人想要幫助你，這裡是唯一可以容身的地方，」38歲的波須夫（Dennis Boshoff）說。

“If you’re out of work and you haven’t got money, where must you go to? No one wants to help you — this is the only place to go to,” says Dennis Boshoff, 38.

總統朱瑪大吃一驚

ZUMA SHOCKED

去年大選前，南非總統朱瑪曾走訪行政首都普勒托利亞（Pretoria）附近的白人貧民區，表示他「既震驚又訝異」。

South African President Jacob Zuma visited a white squatter camp near the capital Pretoria last year ahead of his election, saying he was “shocked and surprised”.

「南非有廣大的黑人貧窮人口，但並不表示我們忽視難以啟齒的貧窮白人問題。」朱瑪當時說。

“The vast number in black poverty does not mean we must ignore white poverty, which is becoming an embarrassment to talk about,” Zuma said at the time.

南非的白人貧窮問題是個很敏感的政治問題，過去很少有人注意，不過白人貧窮現象並不新奇。

White poverty in South Africa is a politically sensitive subject that gets little attention, but it is not new.

在1948年所實施的隔離政策下，南非白人享有保護和就業保障。即使最虛弱和沒有受過太多教育的白人，也會得到公務員和國營機構的就業促進方案保護，確保連最窮的白人都有房子可住，有份收入得以生存。

Under apartheid 4, introduced in 1948, whites enjoyed vast protection and sheltered employment. The weakest and least educated whites were protected by the civil service and state-owned industries operating as job-creation schemes, guaranteeing even the poorest whites a home and livelihood.

然而，隨著現在經濟保護網已然消失，沒有一技之長的南非白人發現，他們身處歷史錯誤的一端，那些認為白人在殘暴種族隔離時代得到太多不公利益的人，並不怎麼同情貧窮的白人。

But with that economic safety net now gone, South Africa’s unskilled whites find themselves on the wrong side of history, gaining little sympathy from those who perceive them as having profited unfairly during the brutal apartheid years.

團結工聯表示，大約有43萬名白人居住於移動營區中。單單在南非行政首都普勒托利亞，就有80處移動營區。南非全國則有超過2千個更大的黑人貧民區。

Trade union Solidarity says there are around 430,000 whites who live in squatter camps. Around the capital Pretoria alone there are 80 squatter settlements. There are over 2,000 much larger black squatter camps across South Africa.

過去過著舒適生活，現在卻被迫在社會邊緣討生活的斐人，認為他們是「反種族隔離」的受害者，聲稱他們比數百萬南非貧窮黑人的處境更為不利。

Formerly comfortable Afrikaners recently forced to live on the fringes of society see themselves as victims of “reverse-apartheid” that they say puts them at an even greater disadvantage than the millions of poor black South Africans.

「此刻，黑人比白人得到更多東西。他們比我們早被拉出困境。這是何以我們在這裡。這非常不公平，他們告訴我們，種族隔離解除後，一切都要平等，但這是不平等的。」波須夫說。

“Blacks get more than whites at the moment. They’re being pulled forward against us. That’s why all of us are here. It’s very unfair because they told us it was going to be equal, but it’s not equal,” said Boshoff.

在貧民營區中，淪為國家政策受害者和被拋棄的感覺，熔鍊成一股宿命論、隔離的集體意識，並加強他們對喀爾文教派信仰的堅強信念。營區中每一個搖搖欲墜的帳篷和小屋中，都裝飾了宗教聖器和斐語版聖經。

This feeling of victimisation and abandonment by the state has forged at the camp a collective sense of fatalism, isolation and firm reliance on their Calvinist 5 religion. Each of the camp’s ramshackle huts and tents is adorned with religious paraphernalia and an Afrikaans language bible.

許多貧窮的白人社區也深陷酗酒、暴力和虐待事件。但在加冕公園，社會問題已慢慢減少。「我們把一些情況很糟的人踢出去了，打架和暴力事件因而減少許多。」過去幾年來，一直管理該營區的尼克（Hugo Van Niekerk）表示。

Many poor white communities also struggle with alcoholism, violence and abuse but at Coronation Park, social problems have declined. “We kicked a lot of the worst ones out and the fighting and violence has gone down,” said Hugo Van Niekerk, who has managed the camp over the past few years.

尼克幫忙募集外界捐獻，並協助社區居民找些零工的工作，去年更帶領該社區對抗市政當局的遷移令；然而，他並不期待市議會或政府會提供屋舍搬遷的幫助。

Many poor white communities also struggle with alcoholism, violence and abuse but at Coronation Park, social problems have declined. “We kicked a lot of the worst ones out and the fighting and violence has gone down,” said Hugo Van Niekerk, who has managed the camp over the past few years.

「在這個政府統治之下，我們不會有房子住的。如果我們是黑人還有可能，但我們是白人。」

“We won’t get houses from this government. If we were black maybe yes, but we are white.”

（路透）

關鍵字詞Key Words

1. affirmative action

(n.) 優惠措施

2. Afrikaners

(n.) 斐人，在南非土生土長的白人

3. evict

(v.) 驅逐

4. apartheid

(n.) 種族隔離政策

5. Calvinist

(n.) 喀爾文教派

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