策劃、編譯■李威撰、謝雯伃

國際社會在關心迦南地的紛爭時，較少將注意力放在巴勒斯坦內部的裂隙，

然而要解決以巴衝突，就必須先在巴勒斯坦的強硬派與務實派之間尋找折衝。

在歷史的機緣下，阿拉伯之春在中東地區正如火如荼展開，

而哈瑪斯及法塔也順應這一局勢，於此時找到化解長達4年僵局的契機。

■巴勒斯坦民眾4日在加薩市歡慶法塔與哈瑪斯兩個敵對陣營簽下和解協議。代表法塔的巴勒斯坦總統阿巴斯與哈瑪斯領袖馬夏艾於4日在埃及開羅簽下協議，終止4年的破裂關係。（圖文／路透）

巴勒斯坦自治政府主席阿巴斯所率領的法塔組織，與其宿敵伊斯蘭反抗運動組織哈瑪斯，於4月27日達成協議，放下岐見，在選舉前共同組成臨時政府。

Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas's Fatah movement and its bitter rival, the Islamist movement Hamas, agreed on Wednesday to lay aside their differences and form an interim government （1）ahead of elections.

長久以來，巴勒斯坦的主要派系之間呈分裂局勢，在2007年甚至發生短暫內戰，結果使得哈瑪斯控制加薩走廊，而阿巴斯的軍隊則掌管西岸佔領區，這次協議的目的就是為了終結巴勒斯坦不同派系間的分裂。

The accord is aimed at ending a schism between these major Palestinian factions, which had led to a brief civil war in 2007 and left Hamas in control of the Gaza Strip and Abbas's forces in charge in the occupied West Bank.

下列問答簡述巴勒斯坦派系分裂及這次和解的可能意義：

Here are some questions and answers about the divisions and what the reconciliation might mean:

答：又稱伊斯蘭抵抗運動的哈瑪斯組織，相信巴勒斯坦人民應使用武力對抗以色列；偏向世俗化的法塔，則選擇與以色列進行談判。哈瑪斯與伊朗、敘利亞以及黎巴嫩什葉派伊斯蘭主義團體真主黨結盟；至於阿巴斯則由西方勢力所支持，並提供金援。2006年哈瑪斯在國會選舉中獲勝後，兩團體在意識形態上的分歧，造成了當時的聯合政府難以達成共識。

A - Hamas, or Islamic Resistance Movement, believes Palestinians must use force of arms in their struggle with Israel. Fatah is largely secular and has pursued negotiations with Israel. Hamas is allied to Iran, Syria and the Shi'ite Islamist group Hezbollah in Lebanon. Abbas is backed, and bank-rolled, by Western powers. Hamas has dismissed Fatah as corrupt and nepotistic. Each accuses the other of torturing and falsely imprisoning their respective supporters. Their huge ideological divide proved impossible to reconcile when they tried to govern together after Hamas triumphed in legislative elections in 2006.

答：過去哈瑪斯和法塔便嘗試克服彼此不和。起初由穆巴拉克所治理的埃及來擔任調停人角色，但哈瑪斯方面抱怨開羅當局偏袒阿巴斯。

A - Hamas and Fatah have tried before to overcome their rift （2）. Egypt, under the then president Hosni Mubarak, was the mediator, but Hamas complained that Cairo was biased in favour of Abbas.

穆巴拉克垮台開啟埃及新的領袖時代，哈瑪斯則表示這是帶來突破的關鍵。分析家表示，因為敘利亞近來政局不穩，而哈瑪斯部分領導者又以敘利亞為基地，迫切希望能與法塔達成協議。分析家表示，哈瑪斯擔憂，敘利亞境內暴亂會造成該組織面臨更嚴重的孤立。

Mubarak's downfall has ushered in a new leadership and Hamas said this was key to achieving a breakthrough （3）. Analysts said Hamas was also eager to reach a deal because of troubles in Syria, where part of its leadership is based. They say Hamas feared the uprising could lead to its even greater isolation.

由於阿巴斯正嘗試讓聯合國在今年9月支持巴勒斯坦的國家地位，故相當渴望能終結境內分歧。它了解，巴勒斯坦境內持續分裂將損害它的威權。阿巴斯和哈瑪斯也感覺到境內對於不能統一所造成的內部壓力，希望能阻止各自控制勢力範圍內的示威行為。

Abbas was anxious to end the schism as he tries to get the United Nations to back Palestinian statehood （4） in September. He knew that the continued division undermined his authority. Abbas and Hamas also felt internal pressure over the disunity and wanted to head off protests in their own backyard.

答：當然不是。哈瑪斯和絕大部分由法塔所組成的巴勒斯坦自治政府，分別在加薩地區和約旦河西岸地區建立相同機構，包括個別的安全部隊。舉例而言，目前還不清楚，由西方所訓練的巴勒斯坦政府軍將如何與哈瑪斯合併或合作。另外，若西方認為提供的金援最終會落入由哈瑪斯所控制的團體，則西方是否還會繼續提供巴勒斯坦政府資金，這點也不明朗。

A - Certainly not. Hamas and the Palestinian Authority （5） (PA), largely made up of Fatah, have built up competing institutions in Gaza and the West Bank, including separate security forces. It is far from clear, for example, how the Western-trained PA force could merge or work with Hamas's men. It is also far from clear if the West would continue to bankroll the PA if it thought these funds were ending up in Hamas-controlled bodies.

答：幾乎是絕對不會。這一政府將遭許多西方國家的抵制，因為哈瑪斯拒絕放棄暴力，也不承認以色列。這是阿巴斯在推動聯合國認可過程中最不樂見的。為了安撫海外對兩派系和解所帶來的疑慮，阿巴斯可能會與受尊敬的巴勒斯坦當局總理法雅德站在同一陣線。

A - Almost certainly not. Such an administration would be boycotted by many Western powers because of Hamas's refusal to renounce violence and recognise Israel. This is the last thing Abbas would want as he builds up to the U.N. move. In an effort to calm concern abroad, Abbas is likely to stick with his respected prime minister, Salam Fayyad.

答：並不會。目前並無訂確切選舉日期，但有一名官員表示，選舉將在8個月內舉行。由於阿巴斯是從2005年開始擔任巴勒斯坦自治政府主席，而上一次舉行國會選舉是在2006年，所以巴勒斯坦亟需舉行大選，讓巴勒斯坦的代表們獲得正當性。不過，籌辦選舉的過成將會相當艱難，而阿巴斯則將所有的心力都放在爭取聯合國認同的活動上。

A - No. No specific date has been set, though one official said they would be held in eight months' time. Abbas has served as president since 2005 and the last legislative vote was in 2006 so elections are badly needed to give legitimacy to Palestinian representatives. However, the vote will be very hard to organise and Abbas is focusing all his attention on the U.N. drive.

答：會的。選舉對阿巴斯而言是場豪賭。他所率領的法塔組織在2006年選舉失利後，幾乎沒有重新改組，其官員更私下透露，雖然約旦河西岸是法塔的根據地，但可能會敗選。另一方面，分析家表示，哈瑪斯對抗以色列的政策，使得哈瑪斯在加薩地區的支持率下降，因為這已經造成數百名巴勒斯坦人死亡，並扼殺了加薩地區的經濟。

A - Yes. Elections would be a major gamble for Abbas. His Fatah group has done little to reorganise itself after its 2006 defeat and its own officials admit in private that they might lose in their supposed West Bank stronghold. On the other hand, analysts say support for Hamas has dropped in Gaza over its policy of confrontation with Israel, which has left hundreds of Palestinians dead and suffocated the local economy.

答：美國方面對這項消息的反應冷淡，但美國和歐盟都不希望在中東地區陷入騷亂的當下，對巴勒斯坦人關上大門。西方世界將再次呼籲巴勒斯坦與以色列進行直接談判。

A - The United States has already reacted very coolly to the news, but neither it, nor the European Union, will want to shut the door on the Palestinians at a time of Middle East tumult. The West will renew calls for direct negotiations with Israel.

答：以色列總理尼坦雅胡正面臨壓力，要對是否重啟凍結的以巴和談進行表態。法塔和哈瑪斯結盟讓他能減輕這個壓力。他可向國際社會表示，以色列絕不可能與有哈瑪斯為成員的政府進行對話，因哈瑪斯主要訴求是摧毀以色列。

A - Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu was facing pressure to make a gesture to revive the frozen peace talks. The unity move helps take the pressure off him. He will tell the world that it is impossible to talk to an administration that involves Hamas, which has called for Israel's destruction.

（路透 Reuters）

1. interim government

(n.) 臨時政府、過渡政府

2. rift

(n.) 分裂、不合

3. breakthrough

(n.) 突破

4. statehood

(n.) 獨立的國家地位

5. Palestinian Authority

(n.) 縮寫為PA，巴勒斯坦自治政府