策劃、編譯■李威撰、謝雯伃

捷克前總統哈維爾18日病逝家中，世界各地都有民眾表示悼念，

劇作家哈維爾的政治生涯本身就是一齣戲劇，成了眾人欣賞的對象。

作為當代最著名的政治家之一，

哈維爾具備何種人格特質？其背後思想內容又為何？

▲哈維爾的戲劇《離去》被翻拍成電影，圖為哈維爾2010年7月20日在捷克的捷斯卡斯卡利茨（Ceska Skalice）參加電影記者會時的身影。（圖文／路透）

哈維爾從未停止為他視為正確的事物而奮戰；就是這個態度幫助他推翻共產政權，使他成為全世界的自由象徵；但也是這個態度，導致後來與他領導的民主勢力發生衝突。

Vaclav Havel never stopped fighting for what he thought was right, an approach that helped topple （1） communism （2） and made him an international symbol of freedom even as it later led to clashes with the democratic forces that followed his lead.

哈維爾出身富貴人家，被高等教育拒於門外之後，曾幹過一些苦活，如實驗室助理和低階的釀酒工人。這些工作讓他在共產黨大牢中待了5年時間。在牢中，這位有菸癮的作家患上長期肺病，最終導致他18日過世，享年75歲。

The son of a wealthy developer who toiled as a lab assistant and lowly brewery worker after being denied a higher education, Havel's works earned him five years in communist jails, where the chain smoking writer fell ill with chronic lung problems that eventually contributed to his death on Sunday at 75.

身為劇作家的哈維爾，其作品在1968年蘇聯入侵當時的捷克斯洛伐克之後遭禁。他從一名政治犯，變成一名哲學家總統，直到死前一刻，都在持續為人權奮鬥。

A playwright whose work was banned following the 1968 Soviet invasion of then-Czechoslovakia, he rose from political prisoner to become a president-philosopher who continued to fight for human rights until the end of his life.

他在1968年一封給捷克斯洛伐克總統亞歷山大．杜布賽克的信中寫道：「就算只是純粹的一個道德行為，沒有希望造成任何直接或可見的政治效應，但隨著時間流逝，仍可漸漸且間接地得到政治影響力。」

"Even a purely moral act that has no hope of any immediate and visible political effect can gradually and indirectly, over time, gain in political significance," he wrote in a letter to Czechoslovak President Alexander Dubcek in 1968.

他在1970年代因批評政府人權紀錄而身陷囹圄，爾後又兩次入獄；最終，他領導約莫30萬人，在絲絨革命中推翻共黨政府。

Jailed in the 1970's for criticising the government's human rights record and twice later, he eventually led some 300,000 protesters to topple it in the Velvet Revolution.

由於具有布爾喬亞背景，哈維爾在15歲畢業後，被共產黨拒於他心所嚮往的高等教育門外，於是他在夜校完成學業。

Denied the further education he wanted by the communists because of his bourgeois （3） origin, he completed his studies in night classes after leaving school at 15.

他在1955年開始撰寫文學評論。1963年，他的第一齣戲劇正式公演，隔年與首任妻子歐嘉結婚。

He began writing literary criticism in 1955. His first play debuted in 1963 and he married his first wife Olga a year later.

身為知名的自由捍衛者，他在蘇聯入侵後，遭劇院開除，成為異議份子，專門組織那些不支持共黨政權的民眾。

Known as a freedom supporter, he was fired from a theatre where he worked following the Soviet invasion and became a dissident （4）, organising people who did not support the regime.

在可能是他最出名的著作中，哈維爾在《無權力者的權力》這篇論說文當中，解釋了為什麼。

In perhaps his most famous work, the essay "Power of the Powerless", Havel explained why.

「你之所以變成一個『異議份子』，並不是有一天你決定要投入這項最不尋常的職業。你是被你個人的責任感給驅使，再加上外在情勢所造成。」他在1978年寫道：「你被拋離現行體制，放置於與其產生衝突的位置。一開始你只是試圖把自己的工作做好，最終卻變成與整個社會為敵。」

"You do not become a "dissident" just because you decide one day to take up this most unusual career. You are thrown into it by your personal sense of responsibility, combined with a complex set of external circumstances," he wrote in 1978. "You are cast out of the existing structures and placed in a position of conflict with them. It begins as an attempt to do your work well, and ends with being branded an enemy of society."

與哈維爾同時代的人表示，他在地下報紙《臉孔》扮演重要角色，但這並不只因為他才情洋溢所致。《臉孔》開啟捷克1960年代的異議運動。1976年，捷克政府鎮壓搖滾團體塑膠人，引起七七憲章運動，捷克政府被批無法捍衛人權。

Havel's contemporaries said he played a big role in underground newspaper "tvar" which set off the dissident movement in the 1960s. In 1976, there was a crackdown on the rock group The Plastic People. That triggered the Charter 77 movement, which criticised the government for failing to uphold human rights.

哈維爾的妻子歐嘉開始在他們位於布拉格北方的渡假小屋舉辦聚會，樂團就直接在穀倉裡演奏；而警方則在鄰近處設置了觀察站。

Havel's wife Olga began organising gatherings at their weekend house north of Prague, where bands played in the barn, and police erected an observation point in a neighbouring plot.

哈維爾的友人，也是七七憲章運動追隨者的蘇斯托瓦記得，哈維爾經常是他們出版品的最後定奪者，但他拒絕承認他的影響力。這種不愛出風頭的個性在他要成為總統的情勢明朗化之後，完全湧現。

Friend and fellow Charter 77 member Petruska Sustrova recalled how Havel usually had the last word on what they published but refused to acknowledge his influence. That unassuming nature came to the fore when it became clear he would be president.

「他不想當總統。」她說：「最理想的狀況是，他想要坐在酒吧裡，調解他人的紛爭。他對進入政治領域並不熱衷，認為這會讓他與正常世界脫離。」

"He did not want to be a president," she said. "Ideally, he wanted to sit in a pub and reconcile quarrels. He was not very keen to enter politics, he thought it would cut him off from the normal world."

哈維爾把他對音樂和反抗文化的熱愛帶進了布拉格城堡。在發現布拉格城堡太大，無法用步行連通每一個角落之後，他使用摩托車在府內各廳行動；他還於1990年邀請搖滾樂手法蘭克．札帕擔任文化顧問。

Havel brought his love of music and counter-culture straight into Prague Castle. Finding it too vast to negotiate on foot, he used a scooter to get around its halls and he invited rocker Frank Zappa to be a cultural advisor in 1990.

他甚至邀請滾石合唱團造訪布拉格城堡，並於布拉格一處公園表演。沒有人付錢給滾石，但他們看在哈維爾的面子上免費演出；許多捷克人今日還記得那場表演，視之為共產主義終結的證據。

And he invited the Rolling Stones to the castle and later to play in a Prague park. No one had money to pay them, but for Havel they played for free and put on a show that many Czechs still remember today as definitive confirmation that communism was over.

他也與達賴喇嘛交好。達賴喇嘛本月稍早還曾拜訪哈維爾，兩人共同簽署聲明，支持中國、北韓、敘利亞和其他國家的異議人士。

He was also close to the Dalai Lama, who visited him earlier this month and together signed a declaration supporting dissidents in China, North Korea, Syria, and other countries.

許多捷克人仍記得哈維爾1990年的新年演講，那次演講再次顯示，捷克已全然擺脫過去40多年來，共產統治下所灌輸的政治辭令和文宣。

Many Czechs still remember Havel's 1990 New Year's speech, which again showed a stark departure from the four decades of rhetoric and propaganda feed to them under communism.

「40年來，你們不斷在這天的演講上，聽見我的前人們用各種不同方式表述同一件事：我們的國家如何蓬勃發展、我們有多麼快樂。」他說。「我相信你們選我擔任總統，並不是要我也這樣騙你們。」

"For forty years you have heard from my predecessors on this date in various forms the same thing: how our country flourishes... how happy we all are," he said. "I suppose you have not nominated me for this office so that I lie to you too."

接下來幾年，他在海外贏得名聲；但他在國內頻頻與主要對手克勞斯發生衝突。克勞斯是右翼經濟學家，他領導的政府遭哈維爾批評，以骯髒污穢的手段和貪腐來推動經濟轉型。

The coming years would win him fame abroad but he repeatedly clashed with his main rival, Vaclav Klaus, a right-wing economist whose government Havel criticised for an economic transition rife with murky deals and corruption.

當克勞斯領導的政府因政黨財務醜聞，於1997年被迫下台之後，哈維爾哀悼許多異議人士所追求的民主「公民社會」竟未出現。

When the Klaus government was forced to quit in 1997 over a party financing scandal, Havel bemoaned the absence of the democratic "civil society （5）" sought by many dissidents.

「如果我責怪那些現在已辭職的人……不是因為任何具體的過錯……（而是）他們對每一件與公民社會有所相關的事物都抱持著冷淡、幾乎懷有敵意的態度。」他當時說。

"If I blame those who are now resigning...it's not so much for any concrete flaw...（but） an apathetic, almost hostile attitude toward everything that bears even a distant resemblance to a civil society," he said at the time.

不過，許多捷克人民認為上述聲明過於嚴苛。而哈維爾本人的形象也在他迎娶第二任妻子達格瑪時受損。哈維爾在第一任妻子歐嘉過世一年之後，跟具有吸引力的金髮電影明星達格瑪結婚。

But many Czechs saw this statement as too critical and his image also suffered when he married his second wife Dagmar, an attractive blonde film actress, a year after the death of his first wife Olga.

2003年，克勞斯繼任總統後，哈維爾開始退出公眾視線；不過，他於2008年推出的全新劇作《離去》在捷克風評甚佳，該劇隨後被改編為電影。

Havel largely retreated from public view after Klaus succeeded him in 2003 but published a new play, "Leaving", which won rave reviews at home was when released in 2008 and was later turned into a film.

（路透Reuters）

1. topple

(v.) 推翻、顛覆

2. communism

(n.) 共產主義

3. bourgeois

(n.) 資產階級

4. dissident

(n.) 異議者

5. civil society

(n.) 公民社會

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