CJR編選：臉書直播掀起了公民新聞新頁（二）／朱弘川編譯

“I appreciate [Reynolds] streaming that video live, because we never would have known what happened had she not put that out there like that,” Valerie Castile, mother of Philando Castile, told CNN on Thursday morning. 

 
　　「我很感激Reynolds直播了這次事件，不然我們永遠不知道發生了什麼事，」 Philando Castile的母親Valerie Castile周四上午對CNN這麼說。

　
Reynolds’s live-stream Wednesday did not show the lead up to her boyfriend being shot—or the shooting itself. But it does showcase the immediate aftermath, as a slumping Castile bleeds profusely and a police officer, gun still drawn, continues screaming into the car. Amid this chaotic scene, Reynolds had the wherewithal to both begin broadcasting on Facebook and setting the scene for viewers from her point of view. She no doubt risked her life in doing so.

　
　　事實上，Reynolds的影片並沒有明確交代她的男友為何被槍殺的始末，我們只看到滿身是血攤在一旁的Castile，和一名員警舉著槍，不斷的對車內吼叫。在這混亂的場景中，Reynolds唯一能做的，便是透過臉書的直播讓觀眾了解她的處境。毫無疑問的，她冒著生命危險這麼做。

　
Here’s a transcript of the first moments of her broadcast: 

　
　　以下為影片中的對話內容：

　
REYNOLDS: Stay with me. We got pulled over for a busted tail light in the back and the police he’s he’s he’s covered….They killed my boyfriend. He’s licensed to carry. He was trying to get out his ID and his wallet out his pocket, and he let the officer know that he was, that he had a firearm and he was reaching for his wallet, and the officer just shot him in his arm.

REYNOLDS: 別走開（對觀眾說）！我們因為後車燈故障被攔下來…..而警察他…..他們殺了我的男朋友。他（指Philando Castile）有帶駕照，他正要從口袋裡拿出他的證件和錢包，他想讓警官知道他正要這麼做，他有帶槍但只想掏出錢包，這個警察就對他的手臂開槍。

　
Officer: Ma’am, keep your hands where they are!

警察：女士，把手舉到我看得見的地方

　
Reynolds: I will sir, no worries, I will.

Reynolds: 我會的，警官，別擔心。

　
Officer: #OOPS#!

警察：唉！

　
Reynolds: He just got his arm shot off. We got pulled over on Larpenteur.

Reynolds: 他手臂被擊中了，我們停在Larpenteur路邊。

　
Officer: I told him not to reach for it! I told him to get his head up!

警察：我警告過他別亂動，我告訴他把頭抬高！

　
Reynolds: He had, you told him to get his ID, sir, his driver’s license. Oh my god please don’t tell me he’s dead.

Reynolds: 他是啊，你叫他拿出駕照，警官，哦，我的天，別告訴我他死了。

　
Regardless of whether the killing is ruled legally justified, viewers can’t unsee the image of Castile dying in the driver’s seat. The timeline of his killing will no doubt be hashed and rehashed countless times in the coming days, and mainstream news organizations will report out and contextualize the police officer’s side of the story. But Reynolds’s citizen journalism gave Americans her unvarnished perspective of the aftermath, a crucial angle that would have gone through multiple layers of reporters and editors otherwise.

　
　　無論未來司法如何認定，觀眾仍目睹了Castile死在車內的畫面。接下來的日子裡，這段影片會被無數次的播放和引起討論，主流媒體也將加入報導，並提供更多警方的說法。但Reynolds的公民新聞卻提供了一個未經修飾的角度──一個早已消失在記者群和編輯中的視角。

　
Facebook, for all the consternation it causes publishers, made possible the real-time transmission of this account to a massive audience. Just a year ago, Americans would likely have to wait hours, if not days or longer, to see such imagery—long enough for law enforcement agencies or police unions to rev up their own PR machines.

　　
臉書對廣大的閱聽眾推出即時轉播，已足以讓出版商們感到錯愕。僅僅在一年前，我們還可能等上幾小時，或更長的時間，才能看到這樣的場景──但也足夠讓執法機構或警察工會進行所謂的危機處理了。

　
Reynolds understood this, maintaining composure as she broadcast live for the masses. After additional officers told her to exit the car to be handcuffed, she informs her audience, “They threw my phone, Facebook.” It’s only then that she breaks down, overcome with grief at the killing to which she bore witness for us all.

　　Reynolds理解到，現場直播時必需為群眾保持冷靜。在一名警察告訴她要離開車上並戴上手銬後，她告訴她的觀眾：「他們扔掉我的手機和臉書了」。Reynolds強忍著悲痛只為了將此事公諸於世，這也是她唯一崩潰的時候。

-------------------------------------------

作者：David Uberti

編譯：朱弘川

原文網址： http://www.cjr.org/analysis/philando_castile_minnesota_facebook_live.php

BBC遭批評未能照顧色盲觀眾／何鉅華（資深媒體人）

　　公營媒體服務大眾，必須兼顧周詳。英國廣播公司（BBC）就曾遭批評去年大選期間的報導未能顧及色盲觀眾的需要。其後，BBC本身的監理機構－BBC信託已接納觀眾投訴並指示BBC作出改進。

　　色盲維權組織（Colour Blind Awareness）投訴稱，2015年英國大選期間BBC的一些彩圖報導，對英國二百萬色盲選民來說，簡直是開玩笑，報導利用多種顏色圖表介紹選情，可惜色盲選民卻無從分辨。

　　報導圖表中各黨以顏色代表：藍色為保守黨、紫色為英國獨立黨、紅色為工黨、橙色為自由民主黨、黃色為蘇格蘭民族黨、褐紅色及深綠色為北愛爾蘭的政黨…。該組織指出，BBC曾使用至少九個深淺不一的橙色；對於色盲者來說，當出現一定組合顏色比較之時，往往難以分辨。

　
　　色盲維權組織發言人凱思琳˙奧爾巴尼沃德表示，在英國選民中，約5%有色盲問題；該組織近年曾多次向BBC爭取，要求使用顏色時須顧及色盲者的需要，但一直不見積極回應。她指稱，去年大選報導，BBC依然故我，未加改善。

　　她表示，該組織曾先後向BBC信託作出了7次投訴，結果6個獲得接納，裁定投訴有理。不過，她也補充說，直至今年6月英國脫歐公投的報導，已見BBC作出了實質的改善。

　　BBC發言人表示，BBC製作節目，一向力求圖表清晰易明，內容豐富，方便所有觀眾收看。在去年大選的網上和電視的圖表報導中，已多採用文字標識和記者解釋，並使用政黨標誌，增加圖形變化，以及調整顏色對比。

　　目前BBC在製作圖表時已使用一種名為Vischeck的電腦軟件，其效果有助色盲者分辨顏色，並用另一軟件Snook Colour Checker，檢查前景和背景顏色組合的對比，或在黑白螢幕上呈現的效果，以便在設計上作出相應調整，方便色覺缺失者觀看。

可參閱報導：

http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/two-million-colour-blind-voters-failed-by-bbcs-general-election-coverage-trust-rules/

 
本文作者曾在香港電視傳媒及英國媒體工作多年，現旅居倫敦。

本文作者聯繫郵址︰edwardho40@hotmail.com

你眼中的伊斯蘭／林佳儀